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<p>This study presents a comprehensive investigation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and thermal energy transfer characteristics of a third-grade hybrid nanofluid across a horizontal stretching sheet, with an emphasis on entropy generation analysis. The aim is to investigate heat transfer characteristics and entropy generation in a hybrid nanofluid consisting of copper oxide (CuO) and magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles suspended in blood as the base fluid. The combined use of these nanoparticles enhances cancer cell destruction by providing a synergistic effect that improves therapeutic precision while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This novel investigation focuses on the influence of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and non-uniform heat generation/absorption on the MHD flow of a third-grade ferro-nanofluid. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations and solved numerically using the shooting technique with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta finite-difference scheme. Graphical results illustrate the influence of key physical parameters on flow, temperature, and entropy characteristics. The findings reveal that the velocity profile diminishes with higher Hartmann number, suction/injection parameter, and nanoparticle volume fraction, while it increases with stronger non-Newtonian (third-grade) effects. Entropy generation rises with greater values of the Hartmann number, radiation parameter, and nanoparticle concentration (CuO) and (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), reflecting a similar increasing trend in the Bejan number. In terms of heat transfer rate is significantly enhanced thermal radiation by (7.93%) increase, While it decreases due to the effects of Eckert number (71.47%), Hartmann number (138.06%), and non-uniform heat source/sink (7.55 and 3.59%) in the CuO + Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/blood hybrid nanofluid. These findings demonstrate the model’s capability to support advanced nanotechnology-driven therapies, improving precision in drug delivery, diagnostics, and hyperthermia treatment.</p>

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Entropy generation and mixed convection heat transfer analysis in MHD-driven third-grade (CuO + Fe3O4/blood) hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet influenced by thermal radiation and a non-uniform heat source/sink

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月22日

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  • Mariadoss Moyes,
  • Subramanyam Reddy Anala

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and thermal energy transfer characteristics of a third-grade hybrid nanofluid across a horizontal stretching sheet, with an emphasis on entropy generation analysis. The aim is to investigate heat transfer characteristics and entropy generation in a hybrid nanofluid consisting of copper oxide (CuO) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles suspended in blood as the base fluid. The combined use of these nanoparticles enhances cancer cell destruction by providing a synergistic effect that improves therapeutic precision while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This novel investigation focuses on the influence of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and non-uniform heat generation/absorption on the MHD flow of a third-grade ferro-nanofluid. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations and solved numerically using the shooting technique with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta finite-difference scheme. Graphical results illustrate the influence of key physical parameters on flow, temperature, and entropy characteristics. The findings reveal that the velocity profile diminishes with higher Hartmann number, suction/injection parameter, and nanoparticle volume fraction, while it increases with stronger non-Newtonian (third-grade) effects. Entropy generation rises with greater values of the Hartmann number, radiation parameter, and nanoparticle concentration (CuO) and (Fe3O4), reflecting a similar increasing trend in the Bejan number. In terms of heat transfer rate is significantly enhanced thermal radiation by (7.93%) increase, While it decreases due to the effects of Eckert number (71.47%), Hartmann number (138.06%), and non-uniform heat source/sink (7.55 and 3.59%) in the CuO + Fe3O4/blood hybrid nanofluid. These findings demonstrate the model’s capability to support advanced nanotechnology-driven therapies, improving precision in drug delivery, diagnostics, and hyperthermia treatment.