<p>This study investigates how polarization forces (PF) and non-Maxwellian electrons affect dust acoustic waves (DAWs) in a complex plasma containing positively charged dust grains, regularized-distributed (RKD) electrons (with spectral index <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_958_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>κ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and cutoff parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_958_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), and Maxwellian ions. Using reductive perturbation methods, we derive and solve Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP)-type equations (including modified KP [mKP] and coupled KP [CKP] forms) to quantify nonlinear wave behavior. Key results show that PF parameter <i>R</i> critically modulates DAW polarity, positive KP soliton amplitudes decrease by &#xa0;0.25 as R increases <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_958_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="145" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((0.00115\rightarrow 0.00119)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.00115</mn> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>0.00119</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, while negative solitons grow by &#xa0;0.4. RKD electrons introduce threshold effects (e.g., KP solitons vanish at <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_958_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha _{c} = 0.492\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.492</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_958_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa =0.5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). These findings, validated analytically and numerically, provide predictive scaling laws for DAWs in mesospheric plasmas, with direct implications for interpreting spacecraft data and laboratory plasma experiments.</p>

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Effect of regularized-\(\kappa \) distributed electrons and polarization force on dust acoustic waves in the framework of KP-type equation

  • Dong-Ning Gao,
  • Zheng-Rong Zhang,
  • Jian-Peng Wu

摘要

This study investigates how polarization forces (PF) and non-Maxwellian electrons affect dust acoustic waves (DAWs) in a complex plasma containing positively charged dust grains, regularized-distributed (RKD) electrons (with spectral index \(\kappa \) κ and cutoff parameter \(\alpha \) α ), and Maxwellian ions. Using reductive perturbation methods, we derive and solve Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP)-type equations (including modified KP [mKP] and coupled KP [CKP] forms) to quantify nonlinear wave behavior. Key results show that PF parameter R critically modulates DAW polarity, positive KP soliton amplitudes decrease by  0.25 as R increases \((0.00115\rightarrow 0.00119)\) ( 0.00115 0.00119 ) , while negative solitons grow by  0.4. RKD electrons introduce threshold effects (e.g., KP solitons vanish at \(\alpha _{c} = 0.492\) α c = 0.492 for \(\kappa =0.5\) κ = 0.5 ). These findings, validated analytically and numerically, provide predictive scaling laws for DAWs in mesospheric plasmas, with direct implications for interpreting spacecraft data and laboratory plasma experiments.