<p>This work unveils the outcomes of the dynamics and thermal characteristics of an MHD ternary hybrid nanofluid passing through an upright porous microchannel with slip boundary conditions. A pressure gradient is the factor that causes the flow. A ternary hybrid nanofluid combines three types of nanoparticles in a base fluid for superior heat transfer. It's used in advanced cooling systems for electronics, engines, and solar energy. In this study, the shape dependent nanoparticles <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Ag\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Ag</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Cu\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Cu</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Ti{O}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are suspended into kerosene oil thus forming the combination <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="137" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Ag-Cu-Ti{O}_{2 }/\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Kerosene oil. First, the boundary conditions and the flow and heat transfer equations are made dimensionless using appropriate non-dimensional conversions. The numerical solutions are then obtained using the RKF45 method along with Shooting technique. The repercussion of various parameters such as Grashof number <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((Gr)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Eckert number <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((Ec)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Volume fraction <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\phi )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Permiability parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((K)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Hall parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((Ha)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and Slip parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="25" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(\alpha \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>α</mi> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on the velocity as well as temperature profile are visualized through the graphical records, Comparative analyses, accompanied by graphical representations, are conducted for both two types of combined nanofluids: ternary and hybrid. Also it is spotted where the ternary hybrid nanofluid has a better heat conduction compare to hybrid nanofluid <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="143" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((Ag-Cu-Ti{O}_{2 }/\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Kerosene oil) and in comparison to the hybrid nanofluid (<InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Ag-Cu /\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Kerosene oil). The ternary hybrid nanofluid is found to produce more entropy when compare to hybrid nanofluid. Entropy increases with increasing values of Eckert numbr <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((Ec)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and permeability <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41939_2025_764_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((K)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The results aid in designing advanced cooling systems for electronics, biomedical devices, and microfluidic technologies.</p>

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Flow and heat transfer analysis of MHD ternary hybrid nanofluid flow through a vertical porous microchannel with slip boundary conditions

  • S. Hema,
  • P. Venkatesh,
  • B. J. Gireesha,
  • C. G. Pavithra

摘要

This work unveils the outcomes of the dynamics and thermal characteristics of an MHD ternary hybrid nanofluid passing through an upright porous microchannel with slip boundary conditions. A pressure gradient is the factor that causes the flow. A ternary hybrid nanofluid combines three types of nanoparticles in a base fluid for superior heat transfer. It's used in advanced cooling systems for electronics, engines, and solar energy. In this study, the shape dependent nanoparticles \(Ag\) Ag , \(Cu\) Cu , and \(Ti{O}_{2}\) T i O 2 are suspended into kerosene oil thus forming the combination \(Ag-Cu-Ti{O}_{2 }/\) A g - C u - T i O 2 / Kerosene oil. First, the boundary conditions and the flow and heat transfer equations are made dimensionless using appropriate non-dimensional conversions. The numerical solutions are then obtained using the RKF45 method along with Shooting technique. The repercussion of various parameters such as Grashof number \((Gr)\) ( G r ) , Eckert number \((Ec)\) ( E c ) , Volume fraction \((\phi )\) ( ϕ ) , Permiability parameter \((K)\) ( K ) , Hall parameter \((Ha)\) ( H a ) and Slip parameter \(\left(\alpha \right)\) α on the velocity as well as temperature profile are visualized through the graphical records, Comparative analyses, accompanied by graphical representations, are conducted for both two types of combined nanofluids: ternary and hybrid. Also it is spotted where the ternary hybrid nanofluid has a better heat conduction compare to hybrid nanofluid \((Ag-Cu-Ti{O}_{2 }/\) ( A g - C u - T i O 2 / Kerosene oil) and in comparison to the hybrid nanofluid ( \(Ag-Cu /\) A g - C u / Kerosene oil). The ternary hybrid nanofluid is found to produce more entropy when compare to hybrid nanofluid. Entropy increases with increasing values of Eckert numbr \((Ec)\) ( E c ) and permeability \((K)\) ( K ) . The results aid in designing advanced cooling systems for electronics, biomedical devices, and microfluidic technologies.