Autonomous on-orbit calibration algorithms for analog and surface array sun sensors

In this article, novel algorithms suitable for autonomous on-orbit calibration are presented for the calibration of analog sun sensors and surface array sun sensors so that the accuracy of these sensors is maintained against the harsh environment of space and the satellite is oriented correctly. At first, detailed models of these sensors are presented that include the most relevant error factors in the space environment. In the following sections, we will introduce new scenarios for generating sensor data for calibration purposes. These scenarios are crucial for more accurately evaluating the performance of calibration algorithms, ensuring that calibration occurs under realistic conditions. Next, we will develop calibration algorithms tailored to the sensor model. Finally, we will simulate a real satellite equipped with sun sensors to test the accuracy, iteration count, and convergence speed of the algorithms. The results demonstrate that these algorithms are highly suitable for implementation in low-Earth-orbit satellites.