ACOA-optimized microstrip gysel power divider with semi-radial-shaped resonators for broadband applications

In this article, a microstrip Gysel power divider (MGPD) based on the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACOA) has been designed, simulated, and fabricated with the help of novel semi-radial-shaped resonators (SRSRs). In addition, attenuators and open-end stubs have been incorporated to generate a broad cut-off band and diminish unwanted harmonics. The implemented circuit boasts a central frequency of 1.24 GHz. The L and C parameters of the equivalent circuit of the used resonators have been predicted with the assistance of the ACOA method. The subsequent phase was the fabrication of this MGPD, after which its performance was evaluated in light of the results acquired from the simulation. It was discovered that there was a high degree of concordance between the two. Conversely, the fabricated circuit offers several advantages, such as a suitable S₁₂ of − 3.08 dB, a high return loss of less than 20 dB at the working frequency, a compact size of 0.12 \({\lambda }_{g}\) ${\lambda }_g$ by 0.37 \({\lambda }_{g}\) ${\lambda }_g$ , a high fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 125%, and the ability to eliminate undesired harmonics. The circuit effectively suppresses unwanted harmonics, up to the 19th harmonic, ensuring strong responsiveness in the passband with minimal ripple. Therefore, a wide variety of electronic devices, including radar transmitter and receiver circuits, computer network hardware, electronic labs, and many other high-frequency systems, can utilize the described circuit.