Microbial coinfections in COVID-19: mathematical analysis using Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo type

The COVID-19 pandemic prolonged to be an aggressive malignant with several opportunistic microbial coinfections. A deluge in COVID-19-associated microbial coinfections has been reported mostly among the immunocompromised population during the rapid sweep of delta variants (B.1.617.2) in India. Mucormycosis is a severe angioinvasive sickness, caused by polypores called mucomycetes, but still non-contagious. This paper uses fractional integrals to investigate the microbial pathogens that produce COVID-19 coinfections. The mathematical model of Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo (ABC)-type fract-integrals including microbial pathogen coinfection in critically sick COVID patients is investigated for positivity and optimality. The severity of the disease as a result of microbial infections is investigated using numerical convergence and simulations. Two equilibrium states have been derived to explore the stability of disease control points. The model incorporates tri-control techniques of reduced contacts, successful immunization, and precautionary self-cleaning practices with optimal control theory utilizing the real data calibrated from the devilishly reported Indian states with infective cases and mucormycosis.