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<p>Orthodontic miniscrews are widely used as temporary anchorage devices, yet failure rates ranging from 10 to 20% have been reported. A key factor contributing to these failures is peri-implant inflammation, often caused by microbial biofilm accumulation around the miniscrew. Nanoparticle surface coatings offer a biologically rational and patient-independent strategy to reduce this biofilm-driven failure. The primary objective of this scoping review was to evaluate the in-vitro antimicrobial efficacy of nanoparticle-coated orthodontic miniscrews, while the secondary objective was to assess the associated surface characteristic changes. The review also compared antimicrobial performance across different coating categories. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across six electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, LILACS, and Google Scholar, updated through May 2026. Only in vitro studies in English evaluating nanoparticle-coated orthodontic miniscrews were included. This review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in the Open Science Framework(<a href="https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/M5CR2">https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/M5CR2</a>). Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool for in vitro studies. In total, 639 records were screened following an updated search through may 2026, of which 17 in vitro studies were included. Nanoparticles assessed included zinc oxide, silver, titanium dioxide, hydroxyapatite, chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate, chitosan, and composite formulations.). Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using inhibition zone diameter, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and percentage bacterial reduction against key oral pathogens including S. mutans, S. aureus, and P. gingivalis. Surface parameters evaluated were roughness, wettability, morphology (via SEM/TEM), and elemental composition (via XRD, XPS, EDS, and FTIR. The QUIN tool evaluation revealed that most studies (80%) exhibited a medium risk of bias, while 20% achieved a low risk. Due to significant heterogeneity in coating materials, testing methodologies, and microbial strains examined, a meta-analysis was not feasible. This scoping review indicates that nanoparticle coatings can alter the surface properties of orthodontic miniscrews, improving roughness, wettability, and coating adhesion. These modifications are associated with enhanced in-vitro antimicrobial activity, including reduced bacterial adhesion and inhibition of biofilm formation. Zinc-based nanoparticles showed the most consistent antimicrobial performance across the included studies. Composite formulations demonstrated broader and more sustained activity than single-component coatings. Given that all included evidence is in-vitro, clinical application will require validation through rigorous in vivo research.</p>

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Antimicrobial effects and surface characteristics of nanoparticle-coated orthodontic miniscrews: a scoping review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Ashish Agrawal,
  • Mamta Verma,
  • Anupama Tiwary,
  • Gemeng Megu

摘要

Orthodontic miniscrews are widely used as temporary anchorage devices, yet failure rates ranging from 10 to 20% have been reported. A key factor contributing to these failures is peri-implant inflammation, often caused by microbial biofilm accumulation around the miniscrew. Nanoparticle surface coatings offer a biologically rational and patient-independent strategy to reduce this biofilm-driven failure. The primary objective of this scoping review was to evaluate the in-vitro antimicrobial efficacy of nanoparticle-coated orthodontic miniscrews, while the secondary objective was to assess the associated surface characteristic changes. The review also compared antimicrobial performance across different coating categories. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across six electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, LILACS, and Google Scholar, updated through May 2026. Only in vitro studies in English evaluating nanoparticle-coated orthodontic miniscrews were included. This review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in the Open Science Framework(https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/M5CR2). Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool for in vitro studies. In total, 639 records were screened following an updated search through may 2026, of which 17 in vitro studies were included. Nanoparticles assessed included zinc oxide, silver, titanium dioxide, hydroxyapatite, chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate, chitosan, and composite formulations.). Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using inhibition zone diameter, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and percentage bacterial reduction against key oral pathogens including S. mutans, S. aureus, and P. gingivalis. Surface parameters evaluated were roughness, wettability, morphology (via SEM/TEM), and elemental composition (via XRD, XPS, EDS, and FTIR. The QUIN tool evaluation revealed that most studies (80%) exhibited a medium risk of bias, while 20% achieved a low risk. Due to significant heterogeneity in coating materials, testing methodologies, and microbial strains examined, a meta-analysis was not feasible. This scoping review indicates that nanoparticle coatings can alter the surface properties of orthodontic miniscrews, improving roughness, wettability, and coating adhesion. These modifications are associated with enhanced in-vitro antimicrobial activity, including reduced bacterial adhesion and inhibition of biofilm formation. Zinc-based nanoparticles showed the most consistent antimicrobial performance across the included studies. Composite formulations demonstrated broader and more sustained activity than single-component coatings. Given that all included evidence is in-vitro, clinical application will require validation through rigorous in vivo research.