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<p>Soil nailing is a geotechnical engineering process of reinforcing in-situ soils, generally used to stabilize slope-cuts and excavations. This technique is in works for well over three decades, with engineers all around the world taking immense advantage of it. Computational analysis were done using simulational softwares such as GeoStudio (Slope/W), using two-dimensional limit equilibrium methods (Morgenstern–Price limit equilibrium) for the stability analysis and modelling of the slope. The study is primarily based on the parametric analysis of soil nailed slope, with parameters like nail inclination and nail spacing being considered. This study investigates the influence of nail inclination and nail spacing on the global stability of soil slopes reinforced with soil nails. The global factor of safety (FOS) was calculated for coarse-grained soil slope having 3 different slope inclinations (θ) of 30°, 45° and 60° with the horizontal. For each inclination of slope, the nails were then installed with 4 different nail inclinations (α) of 0°, 15°, 30° and 45° with the horizontal and factor of safety evaluated for each case. To determine the influence of spacing, nails were installed with 4 different nail spacings of 1.0&#xa0;m × 1.0&#xa0;m, 1.5&#xa0;m × 1.5&#xa0;m, 2.0&#xa0;m × 2.0&#xa0;m and 2.5&#xa0;m × 2.5&#xa0;m in horizontal (S<sub>h</sub>) as well as in vertical direction (S<sub>v</sub>). Results show that for slope angles ≤ 45°, the global FOS consistently increases with nail inclination, reaching maximum improvement at 45°, where the FOS rises from 1.678 (unreinforced) to 2.729 for a 30° slope. However, for the 60° slope, the optimum inclination shifts to 30°, with the FOS peaking at 2.325 before decreasing at higher inclinations due to reduced tensile contribution. Nail spacing analysis indicates that spacings &gt; 2.0&#xa0;m significantly reduce stability, with FOS dropping as low as 1.178 for steep slopes, while closely spaced nails (1.0–1.5&#xa0;m) provide comparable safety without substantial differences in FOS. The findings suggest an optimal design range of 30–45° nail inclination and 1.5–2.0&#xa0;m spacing to achieve improved stability without construction or economic drawbacks. This study assists in identifying different modes of application of soil nailing for different field conditions.</p>

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Stability assessment of soil slopes reinforced with nails: a study on nail density, orientation, and global factor of safety

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Malik Yawar Hayat,
  • Siddhartha Sengupta,
  • Faizan Tahir Bahadur

摘要

Soil nailing is a geotechnical engineering process of reinforcing in-situ soils, generally used to stabilize slope-cuts and excavations. This technique is in works for well over three decades, with engineers all around the world taking immense advantage of it. Computational analysis were done using simulational softwares such as GeoStudio (Slope/W), using two-dimensional limit equilibrium methods (Morgenstern–Price limit equilibrium) for the stability analysis and modelling of the slope. The study is primarily based on the parametric analysis of soil nailed slope, with parameters like nail inclination and nail spacing being considered. This study investigates the influence of nail inclination and nail spacing on the global stability of soil slopes reinforced with soil nails. The global factor of safety (FOS) was calculated for coarse-grained soil slope having 3 different slope inclinations (θ) of 30°, 45° and 60° with the horizontal. For each inclination of slope, the nails were then installed with 4 different nail inclinations (α) of 0°, 15°, 30° and 45° with the horizontal and factor of safety evaluated for each case. To determine the influence of spacing, nails were installed with 4 different nail spacings of 1.0 m × 1.0 m, 1.5 m × 1.5 m, 2.0 m × 2.0 m and 2.5 m × 2.5 m in horizontal (Sh) as well as in vertical direction (Sv). Results show that for slope angles ≤ 45°, the global FOS consistently increases with nail inclination, reaching maximum improvement at 45°, where the FOS rises from 1.678 (unreinforced) to 2.729 for a 30° slope. However, for the 60° slope, the optimum inclination shifts to 30°, with the FOS peaking at 2.325 before decreasing at higher inclinations due to reduced tensile contribution. Nail spacing analysis indicates that spacings > 2.0 m significantly reduce stability, with FOS dropping as low as 1.178 for steep slopes, while closely spaced nails (1.0–1.5 m) provide comparable safety without substantial differences in FOS. The findings suggest an optimal design range of 30–45° nail inclination and 1.5–2.0 m spacing to achieve improved stability without construction or economic drawbacks. This study assists in identifying different modes of application of soil nailing for different field conditions.