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<p>The rapid convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), and Human-Centric Systems has revolutionised modern technology. It enables interconnected ecosystems that demand robustness, adaptability, and user-centred design. These systems improve efficiency, automation, and quality of life. However, ensuring reliability and safety across these complex environments remains a significant challenge, with persistent gaps in integrating technical resilience with human factors. This paper discusses a unified framework addressing both technical and human aspects of system design, along with a taxonomy of security and reliability. It also comprises an enablement map for emerging technologies such as quantum computing and 6G networks. A key finding of this study is the development of an integrative framework that enhances IoT-CPS system reliability and safety by aligning fault tolerance, cybersecurity, and human-centric design principles. Furthermore, by outlining the gaps that need to be addressed, the argument is strengthened through theory and practical application in developing guiding principles towards a more trustworthy IoT-Cyber Physical System CPS ecosystem that is resilient and sustainable.</p>

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Advancing reliability and safety in iot: engineering cyber-physical human systems for the future

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月5日

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  • Shahnawaz Ahmad,
  • Mohd Aquib Ansari,
  • Arvind Mewada,
  • Mohd Arif

摘要

The rapid convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), and Human-Centric Systems has revolutionised modern technology. It enables interconnected ecosystems that demand robustness, adaptability, and user-centred design. These systems improve efficiency, automation, and quality of life. However, ensuring reliability and safety across these complex environments remains a significant challenge, with persistent gaps in integrating technical resilience with human factors. This paper discusses a unified framework addressing both technical and human aspects of system design, along with a taxonomy of security and reliability. It also comprises an enablement map for emerging technologies such as quantum computing and 6G networks. A key finding of this study is the development of an integrative framework that enhances IoT-CPS system reliability and safety by aligning fault tolerance, cybersecurity, and human-centric design principles. Furthermore, by outlining the gaps that need to be addressed, the argument is strengthened through theory and practical application in developing guiding principles towards a more trustworthy IoT-Cyber Physical System CPS ecosystem that is resilient and sustainable.