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<p>This paper presents an Improved Fuzzy-Driven Clustering and Routing Protocol (IFCRP) designed to address critical challenges in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), including excessive energy consumption, hotspot formation near the Sink Node (SN), and limited network lifetime. IFCRP employs a three-stage fuzzy logic framework that governs Cluster Head (CH) selection, cluster formation, and data transfer, enabling intelligent, context-aware decisions throughout the network lifecycle. CH selection is based on remaining energy, average communication distance, and distance to the SN, ensuring equitable energy distribution and minimizing premature node failures. Cluster formation is optimized using fuzzy metrics that consider the rank of CH, node density of CH, and distance to CH, allowing non-CH nodes to make informed, non-greedy associations. For data transfer, IFCRP introduces a fuzzy-based multihop strategy that evaluates next-hop eligibility using the rank of next-hop CH, distance to next-hop CH, and reduction in distance to the SN, thereby reducing bottlenecks and balancing transmission loads. The protocol incorporates an unequal clustering strategy, forming smaller clusters near the SN and larger ones farther away, which further enhances energy efficiency and network stability. Simulation results across multiple deployment scenarios substantiate the protocol’s robustness, demonstrating significant improvements in stability period, network lifetime, and energy conservation compared to existing benchmark protocols.</p>

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Improved fuzzy-driven clustering and routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Hetal Panchal,
  • Sachin Gajjar

摘要

This paper presents an Improved Fuzzy-Driven Clustering and Routing Protocol (IFCRP) designed to address critical challenges in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), including excessive energy consumption, hotspot formation near the Sink Node (SN), and limited network lifetime. IFCRP employs a three-stage fuzzy logic framework that governs Cluster Head (CH) selection, cluster formation, and data transfer, enabling intelligent, context-aware decisions throughout the network lifecycle. CH selection is based on remaining energy, average communication distance, and distance to the SN, ensuring equitable energy distribution and minimizing premature node failures. Cluster formation is optimized using fuzzy metrics that consider the rank of CH, node density of CH, and distance to CH, allowing non-CH nodes to make informed, non-greedy associations. For data transfer, IFCRP introduces a fuzzy-based multihop strategy that evaluates next-hop eligibility using the rank of next-hop CH, distance to next-hop CH, and reduction in distance to the SN, thereby reducing bottlenecks and balancing transmission loads. The protocol incorporates an unequal clustering strategy, forming smaller clusters near the SN and larger ones farther away, which further enhances energy efficiency and network stability. Simulation results across multiple deployment scenarios substantiate the protocol’s robustness, demonstrating significant improvements in stability period, network lifetime, and energy conservation compared to existing benchmark protocols.