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<p>Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using satellites provides a unique route towards secure worldwide communications. Whereas QKD on land is limited to distances of less than 200 km because of fiber losses, the Free Space Optical (FSO) links between satellites can be used to extend secure key exchange up to thousands of kilometers. Hence this paper discusses the design and simulation of multi-plane Walker-type Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation explored specific to Indian land. Synthetic Two-Line Elements (TLEs) with orbital perturbations like J2 precession is created to simulate satellite ephemeris realistically. A decoy-state BB84 protocol is incorporated into the link model to calculate Secure Key Rates (SKR) and Quantum Bit Error Rates (QBER) for Five Indian ground stations: Hanle, Mt. Abu, Shillong, Dehradun, and Kodaikanal. The results indicate that SKRs can reach milli bits per pass under clear conditions with 0.5m ground apertures, while QBER stays below 8 percent. Although these rates are modest compared to international examples like the Micius satellite, which achieves 1–10 kbps with 1 m apertures, the findings support the potential for region-specific applications and form a solid foundation for ISRO’s planned national quantum communication projects. This work thus lays a practical groundwork for increasing throughput to kilobit levels emphasizing aperture scaling and protocol enhancement as critical aspects towards efficient quantum-secure communication through high-throughput.</p>

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Design and simulation of a decoy-state BB84 satellite QKD constellation for Indian ground stations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Anand Kumar,
  • Yugnanda Malhotra,
  • Aayush Gupta,
  • Jolly Parikh

摘要

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using satellites provides a unique route towards secure worldwide communications. Whereas QKD on land is limited to distances of less than 200 km because of fiber losses, the Free Space Optical (FSO) links between satellites can be used to extend secure key exchange up to thousands of kilometers. Hence this paper discusses the design and simulation of multi-plane Walker-type Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation explored specific to Indian land. Synthetic Two-Line Elements (TLEs) with orbital perturbations like J2 precession is created to simulate satellite ephemeris realistically. A decoy-state BB84 protocol is incorporated into the link model to calculate Secure Key Rates (SKR) and Quantum Bit Error Rates (QBER) for Five Indian ground stations: Hanle, Mt. Abu, Shillong, Dehradun, and Kodaikanal. The results indicate that SKRs can reach milli bits per pass under clear conditions with 0.5m ground apertures, while QBER stays below 8 percent. Although these rates are modest compared to international examples like the Micius satellite, which achieves 1–10 kbps with 1 m apertures, the findings support the potential for region-specific applications and form a solid foundation for ISRO’s planned national quantum communication projects. This work thus lays a practical groundwork for increasing throughput to kilobit levels emphasizing aperture scaling and protocol enhancement as critical aspects towards efficient quantum-secure communication through high-throughput.