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<p>This study uses drone imagery and orthomosaic analysis to document three large-scale fortification complexes in Central Mongolia's Khangai range, located near a known 13th-century military encampment associated with Khubilai Khan. Building upon observations first recorded by Russian explorer P.K. Kozlov in the 1920s, we present detailed mapping of these features, revealing their scale, geometric properties, and spatial organization. The complexes, each covering areas between 198,000 and 720,000 square meters, exhibit distinct square layouts adapted to hilly terrain, with regularly spaced pit structures, stone-demarcated trenches, and varying entrance configurations suggesting sophisticated planning and construction. Our research contextualizes these findings within the broader framework of Inner Asian military architecture, drawing comparisons with fortified sites across Mongolia from multiple periods. The results offer a foundation for future investigations into the chronology, function, and regional significance of these complexes.</p>

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Military landscapes of the Khangai: drone mapping of three fortification complexes at Khan Khögshin, Mongolia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Christopher McCarthy,
  • Buho Hoshino,
  • Simon Phillips,
  • Uyanga Torguud,
  • Troy Sternberg,
  • Yuki Konagaya,
  • Erdenebuyan Enkhjargal

摘要

This study uses drone imagery and orthomosaic analysis to document three large-scale fortification complexes in Central Mongolia's Khangai range, located near a known 13th-century military encampment associated with Khubilai Khan. Building upon observations first recorded by Russian explorer P.K. Kozlov in the 1920s, we present detailed mapping of these features, revealing their scale, geometric properties, and spatial organization. The complexes, each covering areas between 198,000 and 720,000 square meters, exhibit distinct square layouts adapted to hilly terrain, with regularly spaced pit structures, stone-demarcated trenches, and varying entrance configurations suggesting sophisticated planning and construction. Our research contextualizes these findings within the broader framework of Inner Asian military architecture, drawing comparisons with fortified sites across Mongolia from multiple periods. The results offer a foundation for future investigations into the chronology, function, and regional significance of these complexes.