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<p>Sea spray aerosol (SSA) constitutes a major component of the global aerosol population, contributing substantially to the atmospheric aerosol burden. In the marine atmosphere, SSA is mainly generated by wind-driven processes associated with wave development and wave breaking, including bubble entrainment, bubble bursting, and related droplet-ejection pathways. This review provides an overview of SSA formation in both natural and laboratory systems, with particular emphasis on generation techniques because the chosen method strongly influences the physicochemical properties of the generated particles and, consequently, their heterogeneous reactivity. Current laboratory approaches mainly include atomizers, bubble generators, jet generators, waterfall generators, “Sea Sweep” generators, and wave-breaking generators. Here, we compare these techniques in the context of heterogeneous-reaction studies and evaluate how generation-dependent differences in particle size, morphology, phase state, and organic–inorganic mixing state affect measured reactivity. The purpose of this review is to provide guidance for selecting appropriate SSA generation devices and for designing experiments that more faithfully represent natural SSA formation and aging. By synthesizing existing studies and analyzing how generation methods shape aerosol physicochemical properties, this review also identifies current limitations and future directions for improving laboratory simulations of SSA heterogeneous chemistry.</p> Graphic Abstract <p></p>

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Sea Spray Aerosol Generation Techniques and Their Influence on Heterogeneous Chemistry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Xingchen Yang,
  • Yiming Huang,
  • Ting Lei,
  • Yucong Guo,
  • Xiang He,
  • Maofa Ge,
  • Weigang Wang

摘要

Sea spray aerosol (SSA) constitutes a major component of the global aerosol population, contributing substantially to the atmospheric aerosol burden. In the marine atmosphere, SSA is mainly generated by wind-driven processes associated with wave development and wave breaking, including bubble entrainment, bubble bursting, and related droplet-ejection pathways. This review provides an overview of SSA formation in both natural and laboratory systems, with particular emphasis on generation techniques because the chosen method strongly influences the physicochemical properties of the generated particles and, consequently, their heterogeneous reactivity. Current laboratory approaches mainly include atomizers, bubble generators, jet generators, waterfall generators, “Sea Sweep” generators, and wave-breaking generators. Here, we compare these techniques in the context of heterogeneous-reaction studies and evaluate how generation-dependent differences in particle size, morphology, phase state, and organic–inorganic mixing state affect measured reactivity. The purpose of this review is to provide guidance for selecting appropriate SSA generation devices and for designing experiments that more faithfully represent natural SSA formation and aging. By synthesizing existing studies and analyzing how generation methods shape aerosol physicochemical properties, this review also identifies current limitations and future directions for improving laboratory simulations of SSA heterogeneous chemistry.

Graphic Abstract