<p>For <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p&gt;2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the equation <Equation ID="Equ71"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} u_t = u^p u_{xx}, \qquad x\in \mathbb {R}, \ t\in \mathbb {R}, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msup> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">xx</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>is shown to admit positive and spatially increasing smooth solutions on all of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> which are precisely of the form of an accelerating wave for <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t&lt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and of a wave slowing down for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These solutions satisfy <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u(\cdot ,t)\rightarrow 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(L^\infty _{loc}(\mathbb {R})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">loc</mi> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t\rightarrow + \infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and as <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t\rightarrow -\infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and exhibit a yet apparently undiscovered phenomenon of transient rapid spatial growth, in the sense that <Equation ID="Equ72"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \lim _{x\rightarrow +\infty } x^{-1} u(x,t) \quad \text{ exists } \text{ for } \text{ all } t&lt;0, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true">lim</mo> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>exists</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>for</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>all</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>that <Equation ID="Equ73"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \lim _{x\rightarrow +\infty } x^{-\frac{2}{p}} u(x,t) \quad \text{ exists } \text{ for } \text{ all } t&gt;0, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true">lim</mo> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mi>p</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>exists</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>for</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>all</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>but that <Equation ID="Equ74"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} u(x,0)=K e^{\alpha x} \qquad \text{ for } \text{ all } x\in \mathbb {R}\end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>K</mi> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="2em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>for</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>all</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>with some <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Exactly wave-type homoclinic orbits and emergence of transient exponential growth in a super-fast diffusion equation

  • Celina Hanfland,
  • Michael Winkler

摘要

For \(p>2\) p > 2 , the equation \(\begin{aligned} u_t = u^p u_{xx}, \qquad x\in \mathbb {R}, \ t\in \mathbb {R}, \end{aligned}\) u t = u p u xx , x R , t R , is shown to admit positive and spatially increasing smooth solutions on all of \(\mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}\) R × R which are precisely of the form of an accelerating wave for \(t<0\) t < 0 , and of a wave slowing down for \(t>0\) t > 0 . These solutions satisfy \(u(\cdot ,t)\rightarrow 0\) u ( · , t ) 0 in \(L^\infty _{loc}(\mathbb {R})\) L loc ( R ) as \(t\rightarrow + \infty \) t + and as \(t\rightarrow -\infty \) t - , and exhibit a yet apparently undiscovered phenomenon of transient rapid spatial growth, in the sense that \(\begin{aligned} \lim _{x\rightarrow +\infty } x^{-1} u(x,t) \quad \text{ exists } \text{ for } \text{ all } t<0, \end{aligned}\) lim x + x - 1 u ( x , t ) exists for all t < 0 , that \(\begin{aligned} \lim _{x\rightarrow +\infty } x^{-\frac{2}{p}} u(x,t) \quad \text{ exists } \text{ for } \text{ all } t>0, \end{aligned}\) lim x + x - 2 p u ( x , t ) exists for all t > 0 , but that \(\begin{aligned} u(x,0)=K e^{\alpha x} \qquad \text{ for } \text{ all } x\in \mathbb {R}\end{aligned}\) u ( x , 0 ) = K e α x for all x R with some \(K>0\) K > 0 and \(\alpha >0\) α > 0 .