Factors Associated with Sleep Disorders Among International University Students in Malaysia

International students who are studying abroad experience maladaptation and academic stress that exacerbates sleep disorder. Thus, it is worthy to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with sleeping disorders among international university students in Malaysia.

A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study focused on the three commonest sleeping disorders including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome was conducted.

The present study showed 57.6% of the international students suffered subthreshold to severe clinical insomnia, but 88.2% had low risk of obstructive sleep apnea. More than 60% of international students suffered mild to very severe restless legs syndrome. Male students have significant higher risk of obstructive sleep apnea compared to that of female respondents (p < 0.001) and the increasing body mass index also significantly correlated with the increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea (r = 0.162, p = 0.004). Majority of respondents has preferred not to take medication (p < 0.001) regardless of having or not with underlying condition. Frequent exercise once daily significantly improved insomnia score compared to those who never or seldom exercise (p < 0.05).

Restless legs syndrome is common among international students in Malaysia. More than half have insomnia but have a low risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Gender of male, elevated body mass index, and taking substances are associated factors among international students for having the obstructive sleep apnea. Exercise once daily did improve insomnia, but diet preference has no effect in improving the sleep disorder. Hence, it is recommended to promote more physical activities to enhance sleep quality among international students in Malaysia.