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<p>Mechanochemical engineering offers a solid-state approach for anionic substitution in apatite-based bioceramics that allows for improved uniformity of co-substitution and control of particles at the nanoscale, compared to conventional wet chemistry methods such as precipitation, sol-gel, and hydrothermal synthesis. The present study investigates the efficiency of mechanochemical method in facilitating mono- and co-substitution of Cl<sup>−</sup> and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> ions into the apatitic structure, in which CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> ions were used to represent fundamental features of biological apatites, while Cl<sup>−</sup> ions were chosen to control crystallinity and lattice stability. This allows for synergistic tuning of physicochemical properties, which remains challenging to achieve uniformly using conventional synthesis routes. It was found that the proposed mechanochemical approach provides precise control over anionic substitutions and drives the transformation from amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline Cl<sup>−</sup> mono-substituted hydroxyapatite (CA) and Cl<sup>−</sup>/CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> co-substituted hydroxyapatite (CCHA). The results showed that there was a significant reduction in particle size variations and after 7&#xa0;h of milling, the average particle size for CA nanopowders reached 14.5 ± 5.3&#xa0;nm (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, CCHA nanopowders showed the formation of nanospheres with an average particle size of 27.7 ± 7.4&#xa0;nm after 5&#xa0;h of milling. These nanoscale dimensions are comparable to natural bone apatite, which is well known for its ability to increase surface reactivity and promote favorable interactions in biological applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Tailoring Cl− and CO32− substitution in apatitic bioceramics via mechanochemical engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi,
  • Pow-Seng Yap,
  • Siew Wei Phang,
  • Wan Jefrey Basirun,
  • Chai Hong Yeong

摘要

Mechanochemical engineering offers a solid-state approach for anionic substitution in apatite-based bioceramics that allows for improved uniformity of co-substitution and control of particles at the nanoscale, compared to conventional wet chemistry methods such as precipitation, sol-gel, and hydrothermal synthesis. The present study investigates the efficiency of mechanochemical method in facilitating mono- and co-substitution of Cl− and CO32− ions into the apatitic structure, in which CO32− ions were used to represent fundamental features of biological apatites, while Cl− ions were chosen to control crystallinity and lattice stability. This allows for synergistic tuning of physicochemical properties, which remains challenging to achieve uniformly using conventional synthesis routes. It was found that the proposed mechanochemical approach provides precise control over anionic substitutions and drives the transformation from amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline Cl− mono-substituted hydroxyapatite (CA) and Cl−/CO32− co-substituted hydroxyapatite (CCHA). The results showed that there was a significant reduction in particle size variations and after 7 h of milling, the average particle size for CA nanopowders reached 14.5 ± 5.3 nm (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CCHA nanopowders showed the formation of nanospheres with an average particle size of 27.7 ± 7.4 nm after 5 h of milling. These nanoscale dimensions are comparable to natural bone apatite, which is well known for its ability to increase surface reactivity and promote favorable interactions in biological applications.

Graphical Abstract