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<p>Water scarcity remains a critical issue, particularly in rural and off-grid regions where conventional desalination technologies are often impractical due to high energy demands and costly infrastructure. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a carbonized sawdust/titanium dioxide (CSD/ TiO<sub>2</sub>) composite for solar vapor generation and seawater desalination. The composite was fabricated via a rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, which enabled uniform dispersion of TiO<sub>2</sub> particles on the CSD surface. Characterization confirmed that both CSD and TiO<sub>2</sub> retained their structural integrity following the treatment. Additionally, shifts in the Ti 2p peaks and the formation of Ti–O–C bonds were observed. These changes, along with enhanced broadband light absorption, are attributed to the synergistic interaction between the two components. The composite was coated onto a cotton substrate via dip-coating to create a solar absorber (SA) and tested under natural sunlight. The CSD/ TiO<sub>2</sub>-SA achieved a high evaporation rate of 1.13 ± 0.13&#xa0;kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and a photothermal efficiency of 64.72 ± 0.60% at an average solar intensity of 1.17&#xa0;kW m⁻². Heat loss analysis revealed effective thermal confinement, with total losses limited to 15.7%. The system also exhibited good durability, as evidenced by its effective salt rejection through continuous redissolution into the underlying bulk seawater and its ability to maintain a stable evaporation rate over 10 cycles without observable salt accumulation. The condensed water collected exhibited a significant salinity reduction from 27,700 ppm to 380 ppm, and a pH adjustment from 7.61 to 7.03, both within WHO standards for drinking water.</p>

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Synthesis and characterization of carbonized sawdust/titanium dioxide composite for solar vapor generation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Jimru Clarence,
  • Hayrald Unjah Anak Hilary Joe,
  • Wong Min Jin Karen,
  • Zhipeng Wang,
  • Bih Lii Chua,
  • Willey Y. H. Liew,
  • Siti Nurfadilah Binti Jaini,
  • G. J. H. Melvin

摘要

Water scarcity remains a critical issue, particularly in rural and off-grid regions where conventional desalination technologies are often impractical due to high energy demands and costly infrastructure. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a carbonized sawdust/titanium dioxide (CSD/ TiO2) composite for solar vapor generation and seawater desalination. The composite was fabricated via a rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, which enabled uniform dispersion of TiO2 particles on the CSD surface. Characterization confirmed that both CSD and TiO2 retained their structural integrity following the treatment. Additionally, shifts in the Ti 2p peaks and the formation of Ti–O–C bonds were observed. These changes, along with enhanced broadband light absorption, are attributed to the synergistic interaction between the two components. The composite was coated onto a cotton substrate via dip-coating to create a solar absorber (SA) and tested under natural sunlight. The CSD/ TiO2-SA achieved a high evaporation rate of 1.13 ± 0.13 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and a photothermal efficiency of 64.72 ± 0.60% at an average solar intensity of 1.17 kW m⁻². Heat loss analysis revealed effective thermal confinement, with total losses limited to 15.7%. The system also exhibited good durability, as evidenced by its effective salt rejection through continuous redissolution into the underlying bulk seawater and its ability to maintain a stable evaporation rate over 10 cycles without observable salt accumulation. The condensed water collected exhibited a significant salinity reduction from 27,700 ppm to 380 ppm, and a pH adjustment from 7.61 to 7.03, both within WHO standards for drinking water.