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<p>This study aims to elucidate the crystal chemistry interplay between cobalt-based pigments and glaze compositions in modulating chromatic properties of historical blue-and-white porcelains. By correlating phase evolution (anorthite, Co-spinel) with optical behaviors (hue darkness, dispersion distance), we seek to decode the materials science rationale behind Jingdezhen’s empirical ceramic formulations, thereby bridging the gap between traditional craftsmanship and modern mineralogical characterization. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and related techniques were employed to investigate the color mechanism and “color dispersion” behavior of blue-and-white porcelain mediated by anorthite crystallization. When sufficient CaO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and SiO<sub>2</sub> are present in the system, anorthite crystals stably precipitate upon cooling to 1030 ℃. Increasing Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content in the blue pigment promotes higher anorthite crystal density within the interaction layer, accompanied by sub-100&#xa0;nm phase-separated microstructures and enhanced Co-spinel (CoAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) formation, which collectively reduce the <i>b*</i> value (CIELAB yellowness-blueness coordinate) of the porcelain, thereby darkening the blue hue. Concurrently, the “color dispersion” distance decreases to approximately 100&#xa0;μm. Elevated CaO concentrations in the glaze amplify anorthite crystallization while suppressing Co-spinel growth. However, this coincides with a reduction in the <i>Y</i> value (average bridge oxygen number), which inversely expands the “color dispersion” distance to a range of 30–300&#xa0;μm. These results advance the understanding of Jingdezhen’s historical ceramic manufacturing techniques through crystal chemistry analysis.</p>

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Anorthite crystallization mechanisms in historical blue-and-white porcelain: bridging cobalt pigment chemistry to chromatic evolution via experimental archaeology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Xiaolong Li,
  • Weixia Dong,
  • Qifu Bao,
  • Zhipeng Cheng,
  • Yulong Yang,
  • Kun Liu,
  • Jianer Zhou

摘要

This study aims to elucidate the crystal chemistry interplay between cobalt-based pigments and glaze compositions in modulating chromatic properties of historical blue-and-white porcelains. By correlating phase evolution (anorthite, Co-spinel) with optical behaviors (hue darkness, dispersion distance), we seek to decode the materials science rationale behind Jingdezhen’s empirical ceramic formulations, thereby bridging the gap between traditional craftsmanship and modern mineralogical characterization. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and related techniques were employed to investigate the color mechanism and “color dispersion” behavior of blue-and-white porcelain mediated by anorthite crystallization. When sufficient CaO, Al2O3 and SiO2 are present in the system, anorthite crystals stably precipitate upon cooling to 1030 ℃. Increasing Al2O3 content in the blue pigment promotes higher anorthite crystal density within the interaction layer, accompanied by sub-100 nm phase-separated microstructures and enhanced Co-spinel (CoAl2O4) formation, which collectively reduce the b* value (CIELAB yellowness-blueness coordinate) of the porcelain, thereby darkening the blue hue. Concurrently, the “color dispersion” distance decreases to approximately 100 μm. Elevated CaO concentrations in the glaze amplify anorthite crystallization while suppressing Co-spinel growth. However, this coincides with a reduction in the Y value (average bridge oxygen number), which inversely expands the “color dispersion” distance to a range of 30–300 μm. These results advance the understanding of Jingdezhen’s historical ceramic manufacturing techniques through crystal chemistry analysis.