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<p>This study presents the formulation and evaluation of composite bioinks incorporating synthetic hydroxyapatite (CSHA), sheep-derived hydroxyapatite (SHA), and alumina (Al₂O₃) for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting of bone scaffolds. Rheological analyses demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, with both CSHA/Al₂O₃ and SHA/Al₂O₃ exhibiting comparable viscosity profiles between 400 and 1000&#xa0;s⁻¹, indicating their suitability for stable extrusion. The bone scaffolds were fabricated using a single-syringe extrusion-based bioprinter. After the printing process, the scaffolds were dried and then immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) to evaluate their in vitro bioactivity. This immersion process was carried out under static conditions at 36.5&#xa0;°C for 28 days. SEM and EDS analyses revealed denser apatite nucleation on CSHA/Al₂O₃ scaffolds (Ca/<i>P</i> = 1.33) compared to SHA/Al₂O₃ (Ca/<i>P</i> = 0.88), confirming enhanced bioactivity. FTIR analysis detected characteristic phosphate and carbonate bands indicative of bone-like apatite formation. Cell viability and cytocompatibility were assessed using MTT and WST-1 assays with L929 fibroblasts and osteoblasts. While fibroblast viability showed no significant difference (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), CSHA/Al₂O₃ scaffolds promoted significantly higher osteoblast viability (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Confocal microscopy confirmed sustained osteoblast proliferation at 36&#xa0;h. These findings demonstrate that CSHA/Al₂O₃-based bioinks possess favorable printability, mineralization potential, and osteogenic support, making them strong candidates for future bone tissue engineering applications using ceramic-reinforced bioprinting strategies.</p>

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Production and characterization of alumina doped sheep and synthetic hydroxyapatite bioinks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Nermin Demirkol,
  • Aysu Akilli Ari,
  • Hatice Evlen

摘要

This study presents the formulation and evaluation of composite bioinks incorporating synthetic hydroxyapatite (CSHA), sheep-derived hydroxyapatite (SHA), and alumina (Al₂O₃) for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting of bone scaffolds. Rheological analyses demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, with both CSHA/Al₂O₃ and SHA/Al₂O₃ exhibiting comparable viscosity profiles between 400 and 1000 s⁻¹, indicating their suitability for stable extrusion. The bone scaffolds were fabricated using a single-syringe extrusion-based bioprinter. After the printing process, the scaffolds were dried and then immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) to evaluate their in vitro bioactivity. This immersion process was carried out under static conditions at 36.5 °C for 28 days. SEM and EDS analyses revealed denser apatite nucleation on CSHA/Al₂O₃ scaffolds (Ca/P = 1.33) compared to SHA/Al₂O₃ (Ca/P = 0.88), confirming enhanced bioactivity. FTIR analysis detected characteristic phosphate and carbonate bands indicative of bone-like apatite formation. Cell viability and cytocompatibility were assessed using MTT and WST-1 assays with L929 fibroblasts and osteoblasts. While fibroblast viability showed no significant difference (p > 0.05), CSHA/Al₂O₃ scaffolds promoted significantly higher osteoblast viability (p < 0.05). Confocal microscopy confirmed sustained osteoblast proliferation at 36 h. These findings demonstrate that CSHA/Al₂O₃-based bioinks possess favorable printability, mineralization potential, and osteogenic support, making them strong candidates for future bone tissue engineering applications using ceramic-reinforced bioprinting strategies.