Reviewing and exploring boron oxide’s role in bioactive glasses: a synthesis of modeling and applications

Bioactive glasses, especially those based on borate, are characterized by their unique structural and mechanical properties, which are significantly influenced by boron content. Optimal boron levels enhance the thermal stability and bioactivity of these glasses, while excessive boron can degrade mechanical strength due to weaker -B-O-Si bonds. These materials are utilized in a range of applications, including bone regeneration, wound healing, and dental treatments. Advances in production methods, such as sol-gel techniques and melt-quenching, have led to improvements in their performance. Recent developments have produced bioglasses with enhanced antibacterial properties for blood-contact applications and those suitable for vascular tissue engineering. Comparatively, borate glasses convert to hydroxyapatite more rapidly than silicate glasses, providing advantages in medical applications. The bioactive potential of these materials is further enhanced by innovations like ion exchange and the creation of composite structures. Research continues to focus on optimizing these glasses to improve their bioactivity, mechanical properties, and adaptability to specific medical needs. The evolving field of bioactive glasses demonstrates significant promise for advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, addressing both functional and biological requirements in various clinical settings.