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<p>As countries embrace the circular economy approach to reduce virgin resource use and minimize waste generation, international trade plays a critical role in achieving circularity through trade that encourages recycling and resource recovery, but carries the risk of waste dumping when environmental regulatory enforcement is poor in importing countries. Considering the case of India, we examine the factors determining the pattern of ferrous scrap imports during 1996–2021, and test for <i>circularity</i> through secondary steel production as well as the <i>waste haven effect</i>. Beginning with an OLS regression analysis, followed by instrumental variable estimation, and the Poisson-pseudo maximum likelihood estimation, we find robust evidence that Indian secondary steel production has been a significant determinant of ferrous scrap imports, and detect a <i>waste haven effect</i> for imports from rich non-OECD countries. We conclude that India is advancing the circular business model within the country while extending environmental services to the rest of the world for minimizing waste, and fostering resource efficiency. However, given the evidence of waste haven effect, India needs a strong environmental policy with the circularity business model to protect against hazards and adverse impact of ferrous waste recycling and reuse.</p>

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Trade in recyclable waste for circularity: the case of ferrous scrap import in India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Aparna Sawhney,
  • Piyali Majumder

摘要

As countries embrace the circular economy approach to reduce virgin resource use and minimize waste generation, international trade plays a critical role in achieving circularity through trade that encourages recycling and resource recovery, but carries the risk of waste dumping when environmental regulatory enforcement is poor in importing countries. Considering the case of India, we examine the factors determining the pattern of ferrous scrap imports during 1996–2021, and test for circularity through secondary steel production as well as the waste haven effect. Beginning with an OLS regression analysis, followed by instrumental variable estimation, and the Poisson-pseudo maximum likelihood estimation, we find robust evidence that Indian secondary steel production has been a significant determinant of ferrous scrap imports, and detect a waste haven effect for imports from rich non-OECD countries. We conclude that India is advancing the circular business model within the country while extending environmental services to the rest of the world for minimizing waste, and fostering resource efficiency. However, given the evidence of waste haven effect, India needs a strong environmental policy with the circularity business model to protect against hazards and adverse impact of ferrous waste recycling and reuse.