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<p>On April 5, 2017, at 06:09:12 UTC, a shallow-focus earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 6.1 struck the Alghur region in northeastern Iran. Understanding how fault structures influence rupture processes and how satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations can improve seismic hazard models remains a key challenge in earthquake research. This study employs Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans SAR (TOPS) InSAR data to estimate co-seismic and post-seismic ground deformation associated with the Alghur earthquake. We conducted time-series InSAR analyses to detect displacement patterns and produce high-resolution deformation maps, complemented by field-based structural investigations to identify and characterize major fault traces. Results reveal localized deformation along the southwestern block of the Alghur fault, with fault-plane solutions indicating crustal shortening consistent with the tectonic regime of the eastern Alborz range, in agreement with USGS observations. The interferometric analysis indicates uplift of up to 9&#xa0;cm in the northeastern fault block, suggesting a complex deformation mechanism. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Sentinel-1 InSAR combined structural analysis for quantifying earthquake-induced ground deformation and understanding fault behavior in tectonically active regions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>The graphical abstract provides a concise visual overview of the study by integrating key geographic, methodological, and analytical components. Regional satellite imagery and geological maps position the study area in northeastern Iran, emphasizing the tectonic setting and the epicentral location of the 5 April 2017 Alghur earthquake. The central methodological framework outlines a sequential workflow comprising data acquisition, Sentinel-1 SAR pre-processing, DInSAR-based deformation analysis, field structural investigations, and the final integration of remote sensing and field-derived results. This workflow demonstrates how co-seismic and post-seismic deformation signals were extracted from SLC data, transformed into interferograms, and subsequently converted into LOS displacement maps. Complementary field photographs, structural measurements, and geological mapping validate fault orientations and kinematic characteristics through direct on-site observations. The final deformation products, particularly the DInSAR displacement maps, highlight the principal finding of up to 9&#xa0;cm of uplift in the northeastern fault block, underscoring the complexity of the earthquake-induced deformation pattern.</p>

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An Integrated InSAR and Structural Investigation of Crustal Deformation from the 2017 Alghur Earthquake

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Xiaojian Fu,
  • Hojat Ollah Safari,
  • Jiangda Wang,
  • Huxiong Li,
  • Wei Xiang,
  • Saied Pirasteh,
  • S. Mohd Asghar Rizvi

摘要

On April 5, 2017, at 06:09:12 UTC, a shallow-focus earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 6.1 struck the Alghur region in northeastern Iran. Understanding how fault structures influence rupture processes and how satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations can improve seismic hazard models remains a key challenge in earthquake research. This study employs Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans SAR (TOPS) InSAR data to estimate co-seismic and post-seismic ground deformation associated with the Alghur earthquake. We conducted time-series InSAR analyses to detect displacement patterns and produce high-resolution deformation maps, complemented by field-based structural investigations to identify and characterize major fault traces. Results reveal localized deformation along the southwestern block of the Alghur fault, with fault-plane solutions indicating crustal shortening consistent with the tectonic regime of the eastern Alborz range, in agreement with USGS observations. The interferometric analysis indicates uplift of up to 9 cm in the northeastern fault block, suggesting a complex deformation mechanism. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Sentinel-1 InSAR combined structural analysis for quantifying earthquake-induced ground deformation and understanding fault behavior in tectonically active regions.

Graphical Abstract

The graphical abstract provides a concise visual overview of the study by integrating key geographic, methodological, and analytical components. Regional satellite imagery and geological maps position the study area in northeastern Iran, emphasizing the tectonic setting and the epicentral location of the 5 April 2017 Alghur earthquake. The central methodological framework outlines a sequential workflow comprising data acquisition, Sentinel-1 SAR pre-processing, DInSAR-based deformation analysis, field structural investigations, and the final integration of remote sensing and field-derived results. This workflow demonstrates how co-seismic and post-seismic deformation signals were extracted from SLC data, transformed into interferograms, and subsequently converted into LOS displacement maps. Complementary field photographs, structural measurements, and geological mapping validate fault orientations and kinematic characteristics through direct on-site observations. The final deformation products, particularly the DInSAR displacement maps, highlight the principal finding of up to 9 cm of uplift in the northeastern fault block, underscoring the complexity of the earthquake-induced deformation pattern.