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<p>Groundwater is one of the most critical natural resources and has long been utilized for various purposes, including drinking, industrial, and irrigation uses. Therefore, presenting an efficient monitoring network for groundwater is necessary to preserve this vital and valuable resource especially in arid and semi-arid climatic regions. In this research, we present a novel framework based on the groundwater quality index (GWQI) as a statistical method, multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) models including fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and vise kriterijumska optimizacija kompromisno resenje (VIKOR), and principal component analysis (PCA) to optimize groundwater monitoring network in the Jaghin – Tukhur plain, Hormozgan Province, Iran. Initially, groundwater quality for drinking purposes was evaluated using ten physicochemical parameters and GWQI. In the second step, FAHP and VIKOR as MCDM models were employed for site selection of the monitoring network. The selection criteria are long-term average groundwater level, long-term average annual groundwater decline, hydraulic conductivity, density of exploitation wells, distance from rivers, geological formation, land use, and distance from faults, and their relative weights were assigned by AHP. In the third stage, PCA was employed to identify important and non-important wells in the monitoring network, and finally, non-important wells were excluded from the optimized network. The groundwater quality assessment results indicated that groundwater generally possesses good quality for drinking purposes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC), obtained from the k-fold cross-validation (CV) method, was used to assess model’s performance. The results of ROC revealed that VIKOR model (with ROC = 0.87) performed better than FAHP model (with ROC = 0.58). The density of exploitation wells and distance from faults were recognized as the most important and the least important criteria, respectively. The results of the PCA revealed that, W27 (well with no 27) has the lowest importance among observed wells, and it was removed from the monitoring network, because it did not result in a significant increase in interpolation error. Overall, our suggested methodology has high capability for assessment groundwater monitoring network qualitatively and quantitatively in different climatic regions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimizing Groundwater Monitoring Network Using a GWQI-MCDM-PCA Framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Hamid Gholami,
  • Sahar Abdollahei,
  • Qiang Tang,
  • Aimin Liang

摘要

Groundwater is one of the most critical natural resources and has long been utilized for various purposes, including drinking, industrial, and irrigation uses. Therefore, presenting an efficient monitoring network for groundwater is necessary to preserve this vital and valuable resource especially in arid and semi-arid climatic regions. In this research, we present a novel framework based on the groundwater quality index (GWQI) as a statistical method, multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) models including fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and vise kriterijumska optimizacija kompromisno resenje (VIKOR), and principal component analysis (PCA) to optimize groundwater monitoring network in the Jaghin – Tukhur plain, Hormozgan Province, Iran. Initially, groundwater quality for drinking purposes was evaluated using ten physicochemical parameters and GWQI. In the second step, FAHP and VIKOR as MCDM models were employed for site selection of the monitoring network. The selection criteria are long-term average groundwater level, long-term average annual groundwater decline, hydraulic conductivity, density of exploitation wells, distance from rivers, geological formation, land use, and distance from faults, and their relative weights were assigned by AHP. In the third stage, PCA was employed to identify important and non-important wells in the monitoring network, and finally, non-important wells were excluded from the optimized network. The groundwater quality assessment results indicated that groundwater generally possesses good quality for drinking purposes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC), obtained from the k-fold cross-validation (CV) method, was used to assess model’s performance. The results of ROC revealed that VIKOR model (with ROC = 0.87) performed better than FAHP model (with ROC = 0.58). The density of exploitation wells and distance from faults were recognized as the most important and the least important criteria, respectively. The results of the PCA revealed that, W27 (well with no 27) has the lowest importance among observed wells, and it was removed from the monitoring network, because it did not result in a significant increase in interpolation error. Overall, our suggested methodology has high capability for assessment groundwater monitoring network qualitatively and quantitatively in different climatic regions.

Graphical Abstract