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<p>The escalation of human and industrial activities, particularly in sectors such as battery production, has raised significant concerns regarding environmental pollution and heavy metal accumulation. Among these, lead (Pb) is particularly hazardous due to its severe impacts on human health and plant physiology. In this study, <i>Sorghum bicolor</i>, a plant known for its phytoremediation potential, was exposed to Pb at 75 ppm, resulting in adverse effects on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits. To counter these effects, extracts from the leaf and fruit of the chaste plant (<i>Vitex agnus-castus</i>) were evaluated for their ability to enhance plant tolerance and growth under Pb stress. Plants treated with chaste plant leaf extract (CPLE) showed significant improvements in morphological parameters and higher accumulation of osmolytes, including soluble sugars, free amino acids, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Additionally, CPLE reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating strong protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, chaste plant fruit extract (CPFE) triggered a robust antioxidant response, upregulating both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense pathways. These findings suggest a complementary effect: CPLE enhances metabolic stability, while CPFE boosts antioxidant capacity. Both extracts demonstrate promising biostimulant potential, offering a sustainable strategy to enhance Pb tolerance in <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> and improve phytoremediation outcomes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>The Graphical Representation Illustrates that Lead (Pb) Stress Significantly Impairs the Growth of Sorghum plants. Specifically, Exposure To 75 mM Pb Altered the morphological, physiological, and Biochemical Parameters of the plant, Highlighting the Toxicity and Threat Posed by this Heavy metal. Pb Stress Induced the Overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Such as Superoxide Anion (O₂⁻) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂), Which Consequently Led To Increased Lipid peroxidation, as Evidenced by Elevated Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels. In response, the plant’s antioxidant defense system was activated. Enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were upregulated. Additionally, the accumulation of soluble sugars and amino acids was observed, reflecting the plant’s adaptive response to mitigate Pb-induced stress. Moreover, Pb exposure negatively affected auxin (IAA) synthesis and disrupted carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as demonstrated by the reduced activity of key enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). However, the application of chaste plant leaf and fruit extracts as biostimulants mitigated the damage caused by Pb stress. These extracts reduced ROS accumulation and MDA levels, enhanced the production of antioxidant compounds, and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they promoted the recovery of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, thereby supporting plant growth under Pb stress conditions.</p>

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Sustainable Valorization of Chaste Plant Biomass: Enhancing Sorghum Tolerance to Lead Through Leaf and Fruit Extracts

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Ennoury Abdelhamid,
  • Roussi Zoulfa,
  • El Arras Mohamed,
  • El asri Sara,
  • Zouaoui Zakia,
  • Nhiri Mohamed,
  • Lairini Khalid,
  • Nhiri Naima

摘要

The escalation of human and industrial activities, particularly in sectors such as battery production, has raised significant concerns regarding environmental pollution and heavy metal accumulation. Among these, lead (Pb) is particularly hazardous due to its severe impacts on human health and plant physiology. In this study, Sorghum bicolor, a plant known for its phytoremediation potential, was exposed to Pb at 75 ppm, resulting in adverse effects on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits. To counter these effects, extracts from the leaf and fruit of the chaste plant (Vitex agnus-castus) were evaluated for their ability to enhance plant tolerance and growth under Pb stress. Plants treated with chaste plant leaf extract (CPLE) showed significant improvements in morphological parameters and higher accumulation of osmolytes, including soluble sugars, free amino acids, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Additionally, CPLE reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating strong protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, chaste plant fruit extract (CPFE) triggered a robust antioxidant response, upregulating both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense pathways. These findings suggest a complementary effect: CPLE enhances metabolic stability, while CPFE boosts antioxidant capacity. Both extracts demonstrate promising biostimulant potential, offering a sustainable strategy to enhance Pb tolerance in Sorghum bicolor and improve phytoremediation outcomes.

Graphical Abstract

The Graphical Representation Illustrates that Lead (Pb) Stress Significantly Impairs the Growth of Sorghum plants. Specifically, Exposure To 75 mM Pb Altered the morphological, physiological, and Biochemical Parameters of the plant, Highlighting the Toxicity and Threat Posed by this Heavy metal. Pb Stress Induced the Overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Such as Superoxide Anion (O₂⁻) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂), Which Consequently Led To Increased Lipid peroxidation, as Evidenced by Elevated Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels. In response, the plant’s antioxidant defense system was activated. Enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were upregulated. Additionally, the accumulation of soluble sugars and amino acids was observed, reflecting the plant’s adaptive response to mitigate Pb-induced stress. Moreover, Pb exposure negatively affected auxin (IAA) synthesis and disrupted carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as demonstrated by the reduced activity of key enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). However, the application of chaste plant leaf and fruit extracts as biostimulants mitigated the damage caused by Pb stress. These extracts reduced ROS accumulation and MDA levels, enhanced the production of antioxidant compounds, and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they promoted the recovery of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, thereby supporting plant growth under Pb stress conditions.