Abstract Hurricanes rank among the most destructive natural hazards, causing significant socioeconomic losses in vulnerable regions under climate change. However, most multi-hazard metrics don’t separate direct impacts (e.g., wind damage along the storm’s path) from indirect effects (e.g., rainfall intensified by mountains). This study introduces the Hurricane Impact Index (HII), a comprehensive metric that integrates both direct and indirect hurricane hazards within a unified framework. We subdivided the study area into <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1^\circ \times 1^\circ \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> grid cells and quantified direct impacts using a binary indicator triggered when grid-cell vorticity exceeds the hurricane-specific 90th percentile within a 500km radius. Indirect impacts are identified by imposing angular constraints on wind vectors relative to local mountain-range axes, based on AppEEARS topography (elevation <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\ge \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 500m), thereby capturing orographic flow modifications. Both components incorporate normalized precipitation and wind-speed factors (scaled between each cell’s 10th and 90th percentiles) to account for geophysical variability and seasonality. We applied HII to six major hurricanes affecting Central America (2016–2022) and validated our results against DesInventar disaster records for Costa Rica. Findings reveal markedly elevated HII values along the Pacific coast, driven primarily by indirect rainfall amplification, and demonstrate strong spatial concordance with reported impacts despite resolution differences. Temporal aggregation of HII time series uncovers peak impact phases and supports refined vulnerability mapping, early-warning systems, and resource-allocation strategies. Furthermore, the index’s computational efficiency and exploratory robustness enable its extension to ensemble-based future hurricane scenarios. The HII breaks down and measures different hurricane hazards, giving disaster managers, policymakers, and researchers a scalable tool to improve community resilience and preparedness. Graphical Abstract This article presents a new index for potential tropical cyclone hazard levels in Central America denoted the Hurricane Impact Index (HII). The indirect and direct effects of Caribbean/Atlantic cyclones on the isthmus were estimated for six historical events and validated with impact reports from the DESINVENTAR database. Within the variables used for calculating the HII are meteorological and topographical variables. The index is based in a previous index developed in other latitudes by other authors that considers the cyclone’s direct effects only. The contribution of our work is to incorporate the effect of indirect effects and the validation with impacts reports from databases. The new index can identify potential impacts by cyclones even in regions like southern Central America, where direct effects are not that common but where indirect effects can be important, it can help the activities of civil protection agencies in the region and, along with hurricane tracking forecasts, it could be used to forecast impacts from cyclones.

Hurricane Impact Index: Capturing Direct and Indirect Cyclone Effects in Central America

期刊论文
发表日期：

2026年1月8日

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Manrique Camacho,
Amanda Cedeño,
Luis A. Barboza,
Shu Wei Chou-Chen,
Mario J. Gómez,
Hugo G. Hidalgo

摘要

Abstract

Hurricanes rank among the most destructive natural hazards, causing significant socioeconomic losses in vulnerable regions under climate change. However, most multi-hazard metrics don’t separate direct impacts (e.g., wind damage along the storm’s path) from indirect effects (e.g., rainfall intensified by mountains). This study introduces the Hurricane Impact Index (HII), a comprehensive metric that integrates both direct and indirect hurricane hazards within a unified framework. We subdivided the study area into \(1^\circ \times 1^\circ \) grid cells and quantified direct impacts using a binary indicator triggered when grid-cell vorticity exceeds the hurricane-specific 90th percentile within a 500km radius. Indirect impacts are identified by imposing angular constraints on wind vectors relative to local mountain-range axes, based on AppEEARS topography (elevation \(\ge \) 500m), thereby capturing orographic flow modifications. Both components incorporate normalized precipitation and wind-speed factors (scaled between each cell’s 10th and 90th percentiles) to account for geophysical variability and seasonality. We applied HII to six major hurricanes affecting Central America (2016–2022) and validated our results against DesInventar disaster records for Costa Rica. Findings reveal markedly elevated HII values along the Pacific coast, driven primarily by indirect rainfall amplification, and demonstrate strong spatial concordance with reported impacts despite resolution differences. Temporal aggregation of HII time series uncovers peak impact phases and supports refined vulnerability mapping, early-warning systems, and resource-allocation strategies. Furthermore, the index’s computational efficiency and exploratory robustness enable its extension to ensemble-based future hurricane scenarios. The HII breaks down and measures different hurricane hazards, giving disaster managers, policymakers, and researchers a scalable tool to improve community resilience and preparedness.

Graphical Abstract

This article presents a new index for potential tropical cyclone hazard levels in Central America denoted the Hurricane Impact Index (HII). The indirect and direct effects of Caribbean/Atlantic cyclones on the isthmus were estimated for six historical events and validated with impact reports from the DESINVENTAR database. Within the variables used for calculating the HII are meteorological and topographical variables. The index is based in a previous index developed in other latitudes by other authors that considers the cyclone’s direct effects only. The contribution of our work is to incorporate the effect of indirect effects and the validation with impacts reports from databases. The new index can identify potential impacts by cyclones even in regions like southern Central America, where direct effects are not that common but where indirect effects can be important, it can help the activities of civil protection agencies in the region and, along with hurricane tracking forecasts, it could be used to forecast impacts from cyclones.