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<p>Bangkok, one of the world’s largest megacities, is significantly affected by the urban heat islands (UHIs) effect driven by rapid expansion of built-up infrastructure. Targeted research on heat mitigation strategies is crucial for developing effective and sustainable solutions. Previous research evidenced that blue-green infrastructures, including parks, and patches of waterbodies contribute to the cooling in subtropical monsoon climates, but there is still limitation in understanding the differential role of larger waterbodies, well-connected water networks, as well as cooling mechanisms for mitigating urban heat. For analysing this, we used UHIs based on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and estimated water index by applying a suitable water threshold. We then estimated baseline cooling capacity and heat mitigation index using remote sensing data and the InVEST model. Our analysis reveals that larger water bodies can reduce daytime LST by up to 3.5&#xa0;°C compared to surrounding urban areas. The urban water bodies contribute to an average cooling capacity of 1.8&#xa0;°C across the study area, with larger water features exhibiting significantly stronger effects. The spatial pattern, location, and connectivity of blue infrastructure play a key role in the city’s cooling mechanisms. This study shows that not all waterbodies contribute equally—larger waterbodies, well-connected networks, and water patches within parks are more effective. Overall, the findings confirm the significant role of waterbodies in urban cooling and support their integration into sustainable blue infrastructure planning. It is recommended spatial development characteristics and urban heat island controlling mechanisms by urban cooling services and blue infrastructure planning for long-term sustainability. These findings highlight the critical role of blue infrastructure in urban heat mitigation and provide actionable insights for climate-resilient city planning.</p> Graphical abstract <p>This study investigates the role of waterbodies in urban cooling dynamics, focusing on their relationship with land surface temperature (LST), urban heat islands (UHI), and cooling performance metrics. The work captures complex interactions between land use, environmental indices, and heat mitigation capacity in an urban setting, highlighting the spatial influence of waterbodies on thermal environments. The central framework integrates six key variables—urban waterbody presence, land use and land cover (LULC), land surface temperature, cooling capacity, urban heat island intensity, and the heat mitigation index. The study employs statistical and spatial analyses, including correlation mapping and regression plots, to quantify relationships between water indices and thermal variables. For example, a negative correlation (R² = 61.79%) was found between the water index and land surface temperature, whereas a positive correlation (R² = 67.30%) was observed between the water index and cooling capacity—underscoring the cooling effect of urban waterbodies. Spatial visualization includes: A UHI map, identifying high-risk areas, radial plot illustrating comparative cooling performance among waterbodies, rivers, and parks, heat mitigation index map indicating zones with varying degrees of cooling efficiency (from very low to very high), with a dominant area classified as “high” and “very high.” The analysis offers actionable insights into climate-responsive urban planning, supporting nature-based solutions and sustainable land-use strategies. Findings aim to assist urban planners and policymakers in optimizing green-blue infrastructure to mitigate heat stress and enhance urban resilience.</p>

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Building Climate-Resilient Cities Integrating Blue Infrastructure in the Cities of Global South

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Malay Pramanik,
  • Rabin Chakrabortty,
  • Sajedur Rahman Mishuk,
  • Pandurang Choudhari,
  • Sudhir Kumar Singh,
  • Fahdah Falah Ben Hasher,
  • Chaitanya Baliram Pande,
  • Bijay Halder,
  • Kanak N. Moharir,
  • Mohamed Zhran

摘要

Bangkok, one of the world’s largest megacities, is significantly affected by the urban heat islands (UHIs) effect driven by rapid expansion of built-up infrastructure. Targeted research on heat mitigation strategies is crucial for developing effective and sustainable solutions. Previous research evidenced that blue-green infrastructures, including parks, and patches of waterbodies contribute to the cooling in subtropical monsoon climates, but there is still limitation in understanding the differential role of larger waterbodies, well-connected water networks, as well as cooling mechanisms for mitigating urban heat. For analysing this, we used UHIs based on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and estimated water index by applying a suitable water threshold. We then estimated baseline cooling capacity and heat mitigation index using remote sensing data and the InVEST model. Our analysis reveals that larger water bodies can reduce daytime LST by up to 3.5 °C compared to surrounding urban areas. The urban water bodies contribute to an average cooling capacity of 1.8 °C across the study area, with larger water features exhibiting significantly stronger effects. The spatial pattern, location, and connectivity of blue infrastructure play a key role in the city’s cooling mechanisms. This study shows that not all waterbodies contribute equally—larger waterbodies, well-connected networks, and water patches within parks are more effective. Overall, the findings confirm the significant role of waterbodies in urban cooling and support their integration into sustainable blue infrastructure planning. It is recommended spatial development characteristics and urban heat island controlling mechanisms by urban cooling services and blue infrastructure planning for long-term sustainability. These findings highlight the critical role of blue infrastructure in urban heat mitigation and provide actionable insights for climate-resilient city planning.

Graphical abstract

This study investigates the role of waterbodies in urban cooling dynamics, focusing on their relationship with land surface temperature (LST), urban heat islands (UHI), and cooling performance metrics. The work captures complex interactions between land use, environmental indices, and heat mitigation capacity in an urban setting, highlighting the spatial influence of waterbodies on thermal environments. The central framework integrates six key variables—urban waterbody presence, land use and land cover (LULC), land surface temperature, cooling capacity, urban heat island intensity, and the heat mitigation index. The study employs statistical and spatial analyses, including correlation mapping and regression plots, to quantify relationships between water indices and thermal variables. For example, a negative correlation (R² = 61.79%) was found between the water index and land surface temperature, whereas a positive correlation (R² = 67.30%) was observed between the water index and cooling capacity—underscoring the cooling effect of urban waterbodies. Spatial visualization includes: A UHI map, identifying high-risk areas, radial plot illustrating comparative cooling performance among waterbodies, rivers, and parks, heat mitigation index map indicating zones with varying degrees of cooling efficiency (from very low to very high), with a dominant area classified as “high” and “very high.” The analysis offers actionable insights into climate-responsive urban planning, supporting nature-based solutions and sustainable land-use strategies. Findings aim to assist urban planners and policymakers in optimizing green-blue infrastructure to mitigate heat stress and enhance urban resilience.