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<p>Dust storms represent significant meteorological phenomena in India, particularly impacting the arid and semi-arid regions. This study examines five major dust storm events (DSEs) that occurred between 2018 and 2022 across Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Delhi, providing a comprehensive analysis of associated environmental and atmospheric parameters. We utilized meteorological datasets from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth-generation ERA5 reanalysis products, aerosol data from satellite instruments including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), along with ground-based observations of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀. The results show that the 850&#xa0;hPa steering flow, combined with low tropospheric relative humidity (RH) and reduced surface solar radiation (SSR), played a crucial role in DSE formation. During these events, SSR remained relatively higher in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, while Delhi experienced a significant decline due to dense dust loading. These atmospheric conditions were associated with increased Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and reduced Ångström Exponent (AE), indicating the predominance of coarse-mode aerosols. Elevated PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ levels, particularly over Delhi, reached peak values of 363 and 952&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. Vertical aerosol profiles from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) revealed dense dust layers extending up to 5&#xa0;km altitude, with high depolarization ratios (DPRs) confirming the presence of non-spherical mineral dust particles, especially over Delhi. Five-day back trajectories from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicated dust transport from the Arabian Peninsula, Thar Desert, Pakistan, and Central Asia, with additional inputs from the Bay of Bengal and local anthropogenic sources.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Graphical abstract highlights the role of remote sensing in studying dust storms over India. It shows that the Arabian Peninsula was the main dust source region, with arrows indicating long-range dust transport toward the Indian cities of Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Delhi. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from MODIS and the UV-Aerosol Index from OMI were analysed over these cities during the dust storm events. Elevated depolarization ratios were observed, indicating non-spherical mineral dust particles. Vertical aerosol profiles from CALIPSO illustrate dense dust layers confined below 10 km altitude. HYSPLIT model outputs show five-day back trajectories confirming dust transport from the Arabian Peninsula, Thar Desert, Pakistan, and Central Asia.</p> <p></p>

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Deep Diving the Recent Dust Storm Events (2018–2022) in India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月31日

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  • Amarendra Singh,
  • Rajat Verma,
  • Gaurav Tiwari,
  • Vivek Singh,
  • Sumit Singh,
  • Anjali Singh,
  • Shani Tiwari,
  • Atul Kumar Srivastava,
  • Gamal El Afandi

摘要

Dust storms represent significant meteorological phenomena in India, particularly impacting the arid and semi-arid regions. This study examines five major dust storm events (DSEs) that occurred between 2018 and 2022 across Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Delhi, providing a comprehensive analysis of associated environmental and atmospheric parameters. We utilized meteorological datasets from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth-generation ERA5 reanalysis products, aerosol data from satellite instruments including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), along with ground-based observations of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀. The results show that the 850 hPa steering flow, combined with low tropospheric relative humidity (RH) and reduced surface solar radiation (SSR), played a crucial role in DSE formation. During these events, SSR remained relatively higher in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, while Delhi experienced a significant decline due to dense dust loading. These atmospheric conditions were associated with increased Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and reduced Ångström Exponent (AE), indicating the predominance of coarse-mode aerosols. Elevated PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ levels, particularly over Delhi, reached peak values of 363 and 952 µg/m3, respectively. Vertical aerosol profiles from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) revealed dense dust layers extending up to 5 km altitude, with high depolarization ratios (DPRs) confirming the presence of non-spherical mineral dust particles, especially over Delhi. Five-day back trajectories from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicated dust transport from the Arabian Peninsula, Thar Desert, Pakistan, and Central Asia, with additional inputs from the Bay of Bengal and local anthropogenic sources.

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract highlights the role of remote sensing in studying dust storms over India. It shows that the Arabian Peninsula was the main dust source region, with arrows indicating long-range dust transport toward the Indian cities of Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Delhi. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from MODIS and the UV-Aerosol Index from OMI were analysed over these cities during the dust storm events. Elevated depolarization ratios were observed, indicating non-spherical mineral dust particles. Vertical aerosol profiles from CALIPSO illustrate dense dust layers confined below 10 km altitude. HYSPLIT model outputs show five-day back trajectories confirming dust transport from the Arabian Peninsula, Thar Desert, Pakistan, and Central Asia.