Trends and Hydroclimatic Variability in Brazil

Spatial trend analysis is a crucial tool for identifying changes and variability in weather conditions over time, providing essential information to formulate environmental management and monitoring policies. This study investigates hydroclimatic and variable trends in Brazil, using the Mann–Kendall contextual method (CMK) as an analytical basis. The data, collected at the Climate Research Unit (CRU) between 1960 and 2020, were analyzed to understand climate dynamics in different regions of the country. The results reveal average increases of 0.48 °C and 0.32 °C at maximum and minimal temperatures, while the average precipitation recorded a reduction of 0.30 mm. In addition, Evapotranspiration (ETo) showed negative trends, with magnitudes of the order of − 2.28 mm. A negative correlation between precipitation and temperature stands out, indicating a tendency for precipitation to reduce as temperatures increase. These findings are extremely relevant, given the country's vulnerability to extreme climate events and their significant dependence on water resources for a variety of economic and social activities. The increases observed at maximum and minimal temperatures, along with the reduction in precipitation and medium evapotranspiration, reflect ongoing climate change and challenges associated with hydroclimatic variability. In light of these conclusions, coordinated actions at local, regional and national levels are imperative to ensure water safety and promote the country's sustainable development in the face of ongoing climate change. This study promises a solid basis for guiding policies and practices aimed at mitigating the impacts of hydroclimatic variability and strengthening the resilience of Brazilian communities in the face of evolving climate challenges.