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<p>The increasing discharge of dye-laden wastewater from industrial activities presents significant environmental and public health challenges, necessitating efficient treatment strategies. This review evaluates coconut-based biochar as a cost-effective adsorbent for removing industrial dyes from aqueous systems. The analysis examines feedstock characteristics, thermochemical conversion methods, activation techniques, physicochemical properties, adsorption performance, and removal mechanisms of coconut-derived biochars. Biochar from coconut shells, husks, and coir exhibits a high surface area, well-developed porosity, and abundant functional groups, contributing to strong adsorption capacities for various dyes. Advanced activation strategies enhance adsorption efficiency. The adsorption process is governed by electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and pore filling, with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model providing the best fit. Coconut-based biochar offers a sustainable wastewater treatment solution by converting agricultural residues into value-added materials, aligning with circular economy principles. Its low cost, availability, and regeneration potential make it suitable for both decentralized and large-scale applications, particularly in developing regions. Challenges include variability in production methods, lack of standardization, and limited validation under industrial conditions. Future research should focus on pilot-scale studies, process optimization, and life cycle assessment which will represents a promising material for dye wastewater remediation and supports biomass valorization in biorefinery systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Thermochemical Conversion and Activation-Driven Performance of Coconut Biochar: A Critical Review on Structure–Property–Adsorption Relationships in Dye Wastewater Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Mohammad Shahid Arshad,
  • Khalid Ansari,
  • Charuta Waghmare,
  • Murat Eyvaz,
  • Dhafer Ali Alqahtani,
  • Nasser Abdullah Nasser Alkhtani

摘要

The increasing discharge of dye-laden wastewater from industrial activities presents significant environmental and public health challenges, necessitating efficient treatment strategies. This review evaluates coconut-based biochar as a cost-effective adsorbent for removing industrial dyes from aqueous systems. The analysis examines feedstock characteristics, thermochemical conversion methods, activation techniques, physicochemical properties, adsorption performance, and removal mechanisms of coconut-derived biochars. Biochar from coconut shells, husks, and coir exhibits a high surface area, well-developed porosity, and abundant functional groups, contributing to strong adsorption capacities for various dyes. Advanced activation strategies enhance adsorption efficiency. The adsorption process is governed by electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and pore filling, with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model providing the best fit. Coconut-based biochar offers a sustainable wastewater treatment solution by converting agricultural residues into value-added materials, aligning with circular economy principles. Its low cost, availability, and regeneration potential make it suitable for both decentralized and large-scale applications, particularly in developing regions. Challenges include variability in production methods, lack of standardization, and limited validation under industrial conditions. Future research should focus on pilot-scale studies, process optimization, and life cycle assessment which will represents a promising material for dye wastewater remediation and supports biomass valorization in biorefinery systems.

Graphical Abstract