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<p>Distribution patterns of 16 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were investigated in 159 indoor/outdoor dust samples collected from three regions (northern, central, and southern) of Vietnam. Total concentrations of PAEs in dust samples ranged from 278 to 2,280,000 ng/g (mean/median: 123400/39100 ng/g). The highest PAE concentrations were detected in indoor dust samples from northern Vietnam (mean/median: 276000/113000 ng/g), followed by southern (mean/median: 161000/76500 ng/g) and central areas (93100/43400 ng/g). PAE concentrations in indoor dust were found to be approximately two to four times higher than in outdoor dust, and exhibited a geographical distribution across the country in the descending order of northern &gt; southern &gt; central areas. PAEs measured in dust samples collected in homes were significantly higher than those in workplaces and schools in the northern and central regions. For samples from the southern region, however, a distinct distribution was observed, with PAE concentrations in dust decreasing in the order of workplaces (mean/median: 286000/282000 ng/g) &gt; schools (110000/80700 ng/g) &gt; homes (51300/44800 ng/g). The correlation of PAE concentrations among indoor/outdoor dust sample pairs collected at each location in all three regions was moderate (<i>r</i> = 0.424). Among the 16 PAEs, DEHP was measured at the highest concentrations in all dust samples, followed by DBP and DEP. Estimated human exposure doses to PAEs through dust ingestion for indoor areas were higher than those for outdoor areas. Infants were at higher risk of exposure than other age groups.</p>

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First Nationwide Survey of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Vietnamese Dust Samples: Insights into Spatial Trends, Indoor–Outdoor Differences and Human Exposure Implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Tri Manh Tran,
  • Chi Linh Thi Pham,
  • Anh Duy Dao,
  • Huong Quang Le,
  • Ha My Nu Nguyen,
  • Hue Thanh Tran,
  • Chi Thuy Lan Nguyen,
  • Duyen Thi Thuy Nguyen,
  • Anh Quoc Hoang,
  • Long Van Dang,
  • Chau Ngoc Chu,
  • Binh Minh Tu

摘要

Distribution patterns of 16 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were investigated in 159 indoor/outdoor dust samples collected from three regions (northern, central, and southern) of Vietnam. Total concentrations of PAEs in dust samples ranged from 278 to 2,280,000 ng/g (mean/median: 123400/39100 ng/g). The highest PAE concentrations were detected in indoor dust samples from northern Vietnam (mean/median: 276000/113000 ng/g), followed by southern (mean/median: 161000/76500 ng/g) and central areas (93100/43400 ng/g). PAE concentrations in indoor dust were found to be approximately two to four times higher than in outdoor dust, and exhibited a geographical distribution across the country in the descending order of northern > southern > central areas. PAEs measured in dust samples collected in homes were significantly higher than those in workplaces and schools in the northern and central regions. For samples from the southern region, however, a distinct distribution was observed, with PAE concentrations in dust decreasing in the order of workplaces (mean/median: 286000/282000 ng/g) > schools (110000/80700 ng/g) > homes (51300/44800 ng/g). The correlation of PAE concentrations among indoor/outdoor dust sample pairs collected at each location in all three regions was moderate (r = 0.424). Among the 16 PAEs, DEHP was measured at the highest concentrations in all dust samples, followed by DBP and DEP. Estimated human exposure doses to PAEs through dust ingestion for indoor areas were higher than those for outdoor areas. Infants were at higher risk of exposure than other age groups.