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<p>Lemongrass distillation waste (LDW) is an abundant agricultural sub-product that remains largely underexplored for water treatment applications. In this study, pyrochars were prepared from LDW through pyrolysis at different temperatures (300–600 °C) and systematically evaluated for the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The biochar produced at 400 °C (LP400) exhibited the most balanced combination of surface functional groups, accessible porosity, and surface charge, resulting in the highest adsorption performance for both Cu(II) and Pb(II). Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated strong pH dependence and temperature-enhanced uptake, with adsorption equilibrium reached within 180 min at pH 6, the maximum adsorption capacities were 38.251 ± 0.787 mg/g and 30.369 ± 0.477 mg/g and efficiency were 98.43 ± 1.07% and 97.40 ± 1.04% for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively. Crucially, binary adsorption revealed a unique facilitated adsorption phenomenon, where Pb(II) acted as a strategic the reaction pathway to highly organized state (exhibiting more negative ΔG, reduced ΔH and ΔS), and dramatically decreased the activation energy (E<sup>*</sup>) of Cu(II) adsorption (from 16.965 down to 9.264 kJ/mol). The high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FTIR analysis confirmed that Cu(II) and Pb(II) removal occurred through surface complexation with O/N-containing functional groups, partial reduction–oxidation reactions, and surface precipitation, particularly under simultaneous adsorption conditions. This study highlight the value of LDW-derived pyrochar as a sustainable environmental platform, low-cost adsorbent for Cu(II) and Pb(II) removal and provide pioneering, thermodynamic, kinetic and mechanistic insights into the synergistic multi-metal remediation.</p>

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Characteristics of Single and Binary Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) on Lemongrass Pyrochar Derived from Distillation Waste

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Thi Thao Truong,
  • Thi Hong Huyen Chu,
  • Thi Thu Uyen Le,
  • Tien Ha Le,
  • Minh Quy Bui,
  • Le Phuong Hoang,
  • Thi Hanh Truong,
  • Tien Duc Pham

摘要

Lemongrass distillation waste (LDW) is an abundant agricultural sub-product that remains largely underexplored for water treatment applications. In this study, pyrochars were prepared from LDW through pyrolysis at different temperatures (300–600 °C) and systematically evaluated for the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The biochar produced at 400 °C (LP400) exhibited the most balanced combination of surface functional groups, accessible porosity, and surface charge, resulting in the highest adsorption performance for both Cu(II) and Pb(II). Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated strong pH dependence and temperature-enhanced uptake, with adsorption equilibrium reached within 180 min at pH 6, the maximum adsorption capacities were 38.251 ± 0.787 mg/g and 30.369 ± 0.477 mg/g and efficiency were 98.43 ± 1.07% and 97.40 ± 1.04% for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively. Crucially, binary adsorption revealed a unique facilitated adsorption phenomenon, where Pb(II) acted as a strategic the reaction pathway to highly organized state (exhibiting more negative ΔG, reduced ΔH and ΔS), and dramatically decreased the activation energy (E*) of Cu(II) adsorption (from 16.965 down to 9.264 kJ/mol). The high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FTIR analysis confirmed that Cu(II) and Pb(II) removal occurred through surface complexation with O/N-containing functional groups, partial reduction–oxidation reactions, and surface precipitation, particularly under simultaneous adsorption conditions. This study highlight the value of LDW-derived pyrochar as a sustainable environmental platform, low-cost adsorbent for Cu(II) and Pb(II) removal and provide pioneering, thermodynamic, kinetic and mechanistic insights into the synergistic multi-metal remediation.