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<p>Data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor settled dust, a critical human exposure pathway, remain limited in India despite elevated concentrations reported in environmental matrices and indoor air. Addressing this gap, the present study provides the first systematic assessment of PAHs in indoor settled dust from residential houses in and around Nagpur city, central India. House dust samples were analysed for 18 PAHs, with concentrations ranging from 964.6 to 18,717.7&#xa0;ng/g (mean: 3,321.8 ± 2,487.4&#xa0;ng/g). The median PAHs concentration was fourfold lower than the global weighted median for indoor dust. Naphthalene was the most frequently detected compound, contributing 24% of Σ<sub>18</sub>PAHs. Although representing the fewest sites, the commercial land-use category transitioning into emerging industrial zones recorded significantly highest mean concentration (6,504.8&#xa0;ng/g; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), accounting for 26% of Σ<sub>18</sub>PAHs. Over 60% of sites showed predominance of high-molecular-weight PAHs, with 7 carcinogenic PAHs consistently exceeded low-molecular-weight fractions. Principal component and diagnostic ratio analyses indicated pyrogenic origins, mainly from vehicular emissions, biomass and coal combustion, and domestic activities such as cooking, smoking, and incense burning. Benzo[a]pyrene contributed up to 69% of BaP-equivalent concentrations (BaPeq). Although no site exceeded the high-risk cancer threshold (ILCR ≥ 10⁻<sup>4</sup>), 72% of sites had incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values within 10⁻⁶–10⁻<sup>4</sup>, indicating potential lifetime cancer risks for children and adults. The hazard index (HI &lt; 1) showed a low overall non-carcinogenic risk, with ingestion and dermal contact as the dominant exposure pathways.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Rising Carcinogenic Risk from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure Through Indoor Settled Dust: First Comprehensive Residential Dust Assessment from India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Kurian Ronnie Rex,
  • Subramani Shanmugavel,
  • Ishan Singh,
  • Gajanan Kanade,
  • Khushi Wankhede,
  • Sanjeev Kumar Singh,
  • Asirvatham Ramesh Kumar

摘要

Data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor settled dust, a critical human exposure pathway, remain limited in India despite elevated concentrations reported in environmental matrices and indoor air. Addressing this gap, the present study provides the first systematic assessment of PAHs in indoor settled dust from residential houses in and around Nagpur city, central India. House dust samples were analysed for 18 PAHs, with concentrations ranging from 964.6 to 18,717.7 ng/g (mean: 3,321.8 ± 2,487.4 ng/g). The median PAHs concentration was fourfold lower than the global weighted median for indoor dust. Naphthalene was the most frequently detected compound, contributing 24% of Σ18PAHs. Although representing the fewest sites, the commercial land-use category transitioning into emerging industrial zones recorded significantly highest mean concentration (6,504.8 ng/g; p < 0.05), accounting for 26% of Σ18PAHs. Over 60% of sites showed predominance of high-molecular-weight PAHs, with 7 carcinogenic PAHs consistently exceeded low-molecular-weight fractions. Principal component and diagnostic ratio analyses indicated pyrogenic origins, mainly from vehicular emissions, biomass and coal combustion, and domestic activities such as cooking, smoking, and incense burning. Benzo[a]pyrene contributed up to 69% of BaP-equivalent concentrations (BaPeq). Although no site exceeded the high-risk cancer threshold (ILCR ≥ 10⁻4), 72% of sites had incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values within 10⁻⁶–10⁻4, indicating potential lifetime cancer risks for children and adults. The hazard index (HI < 1) showed a low overall non-carcinogenic risk, with ingestion and dermal contact as the dominant exposure pathways.

Graphical Abstract