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<p>Given the persistent risks posed by soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), this study evaluates biochar, used alone and in combination with apatite, as a sustainable, biomass-derived amendment for metal immobilization, specifically examining coconut shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 300&#xa0;°C and 600&#xa0;°C together with apatite for the stabilization of Pb and Zn in contaminated soil. Soil treated with different ratios of CSB (5% and 10%) and biochar-apatite blends (2.5% CSB + 2.5% apatite, and 5% CSB + 5% apatite) was analyzed for chemical fractionation after a one-month incubation period. The 3747.8 ± 14.6&#xa0;mg kg<sup>-1</sup> and 1648.5 ± 16.4&#xa0;mg kg<sup>-1</sup> initial concentration of Pb and Zn, respectively, were found. Five fractions of the metals were differentiated based on the use of the Tessier sequential extraction procedure, such as exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), Fe-Mn oxide-bound (F3), organic-matter bound (F4), and residual (F5). Findings revealed the biochar and apatite amendments to be very effective in increasing the electrical conductivity, the organic carbon, and the pH of the soil (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and decreasing the exchangeable fractions of Zn and Pb. The immobilization effect was greatest in soils amended with 10% biochar alone or with a combined amendment consisting of 5% biochar + 5% apatite (w/w, based on dry soil mass; biochar: apatite ratio = 1:1), where the exchangeable fractions of Pb and Zn decreased by 47.9% and 41.9%, respectively. However, these findings are derived from short-term laboratory incubation experiments, and further long-term field-scale studies are required to confirm their practical applicability under realistic environmental conditions. These results show the synergistic effect of biochar and apatite and highlight their viability as low-cost, sustainable soil amendments for reducing potentially toxic elements mobility in contaminated environments.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Valorization of Coconut Shell for The Sustainable Remediation of the Lead- and Zinc-Contaminated Soil: The Role of Pyrolysis Temperature and Biochar-Apatite Synergy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Truong Xuan Vuong,
  • Viet Cao,
  • The Chinh Pham,
  • Thi Thao Truong,
  • Thi Tam Khieu,
  • Thi Tu Anh Duong,
  • The Anh Hoang,
  • Thanh Phuong Phan,
  • Quang Tung Vu,
  • Thi Hong Huyen Chu,
  • Thanh Hai Cao,
  • Tuan Kien Vu

摘要

Given the persistent risks posed by soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), this study evaluates biochar, used alone and in combination with apatite, as a sustainable, biomass-derived amendment for metal immobilization, specifically examining coconut shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 300 °C and 600 °C together with apatite for the stabilization of Pb and Zn in contaminated soil. Soil treated with different ratios of CSB (5% and 10%) and biochar-apatite blends (2.5% CSB + 2.5% apatite, and 5% CSB + 5% apatite) was analyzed for chemical fractionation after a one-month incubation period. The 3747.8 ± 14.6 mg kg-1 and 1648.5 ± 16.4 mg kg-1 initial concentration of Pb and Zn, respectively, were found. Five fractions of the metals were differentiated based on the use of the Tessier sequential extraction procedure, such as exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), Fe-Mn oxide-bound (F3), organic-matter bound (F4), and residual (F5). Findings revealed the biochar and apatite amendments to be very effective in increasing the electrical conductivity, the organic carbon, and the pH of the soil (p < 0.05) and decreasing the exchangeable fractions of Zn and Pb. The immobilization effect was greatest in soils amended with 10% biochar alone or with a combined amendment consisting of 5% biochar + 5% apatite (w/w, based on dry soil mass; biochar: apatite ratio = 1:1), where the exchangeable fractions of Pb and Zn decreased by 47.9% and 41.9%, respectively. However, these findings are derived from short-term laboratory incubation experiments, and further long-term field-scale studies are required to confirm their practical applicability under realistic environmental conditions. These results show the synergistic effect of biochar and apatite and highlight their viability as low-cost, sustainable soil amendments for reducing potentially toxic elements mobility in contaminated environments.

Graphical abstract