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<p>This study evaluates the effectiveness of doped and codoped titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles, namely Fe-doped, Ag-doped, and Ag-Fe-codoped TiO<sub>2</sub>, for the treatment of cheese wastewater. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties, structural stability, and photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. The modified TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were applied to remove organic pollutants and inorganic ions in dairy effluents consisting of 70% cheese whey and 30% white water. Quantitative analysis revealed that Ag-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> achieved the highest photocatalytic performance, with a 54.5% increase in COD removal efficiency compared to pure TiO<sub>2</sub>, outperforming Fe-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> (28.0%) and Ag-Fe-codoped TiO₂ (45.5%). This superior performance motivated its selection for further optimization. The optimal operating conditions for effluent treatment using Ag-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> were determined using a Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology (BBD–RSM). Under optimal conditions (3&#xa0;g/L Ag-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>, pH 3.83, and reaction time of 2.28&#xa0;h), removal efficiencies of 86.25% for COD, 40.72% for chloride (Cl⁻), and 42.29% for phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>) were achieved. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Ag-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalytic system in removing multiple classes of pollutants from cheese wastewater. Overall, the findings indicate that Ag-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> represents a promising and sustainable approach for wastewater management in the dairy industry.</p>

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Doped and Codoped TiO2: Synthesis, Characterization and Application on Cheese Effluents Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Besma Sioud,
  • Olfa Ben Salem-Berrabah,
  • Marwa Ben Chobba,
  • Mouna Messaoud,
  • Ridha Elleuch,
  • Intissar Moghdad,
  • Inès Mekrazi,
  • Ismail Trabelsi,
  • Rached Salhi,
  • Lobna Elleuch

摘要

This study evaluates the effectiveness of doped and codoped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, namely Fe-doped, Ag-doped, and Ag-Fe-codoped TiO2, for the treatment of cheese wastewater. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties, structural stability, and photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. The modified TiO2 nanoparticles were applied to remove organic pollutants and inorganic ions in dairy effluents consisting of 70% cheese whey and 30% white water. Quantitative analysis revealed that Ag-doped TiO2 achieved the highest photocatalytic performance, with a 54.5% increase in COD removal efficiency compared to pure TiO2, outperforming Fe-doped TiO2 (28.0%) and Ag-Fe-codoped TiO₂ (45.5%). This superior performance motivated its selection for further optimization. The optimal operating conditions for effluent treatment using Ag-doped TiO2 were determined using a Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology (BBD–RSM). Under optimal conditions (3 g/L Ag-doped TiO2, pH 3.83, and reaction time of 2.28 h), removal efficiencies of 86.25% for COD, 40.72% for chloride (Cl⁻), and 42.29% for phosphate (PO43−) were achieved. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Ag-doped TiO2 photocatalytic system in removing multiple classes of pollutants from cheese wastewater. Overall, the findings indicate that Ag-doped TiO2 represents a promising and sustainable approach for wastewater management in the dairy industry.