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<p>Microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals like lead (Pb) are pervasive pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, yet their combined effects on aquatic plants remain poorly understood. To address this gap, <i>Hydrocotyle vulgaris</i> was exposed to single lead nitrate (Pb (NO₃) ₂) (0-3.5&#xa0;mg/L) and in combinations with polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) powder (3&#xa0;μm) (0-200&#xa0;mg/L) for seven days. We evaluated the weight growth rate (WGR), photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, soluble sugar and protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lead bioaccumulation. Results revealed a hormetic response to Pb, with low concentrations (≤ 2.5&#xa0;mg/L) enhancing growth, while higher doses (&gt; 3&#xa0;mg/L) caused toxicity, including leaf deformation, chlorosis and WGR reduction. Pb accumulation increased dose-dependently, peaking at 3.5&#xa0;mg/L in both single and combined treatments. MPs exhibited a concentration-dependent modulation of Pb toxicity, exacerbating effects at 50&#xa0;mg/L but slightly alleviating them at 200&#xa0;mg/L. These findings demonstrate the complex interaction between MPs and Pb in influencing metal bioavailability and plant stress responses. It provides critical insights into the ecotoxicological risks of co-occurring pollutants in wetlands and highlights implications for invasive species management under anthropogenic pollution.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Response of Invasive Emergent Macrophyte Hydrocotyle vulgaris to Single and Co-exposure of Microplastic and Lead

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Bahati Patrick Baraka,
  • Wei Xing,
  • Mutwiwa Caleb Kauti,
  • Donia M. Osman,
  • Saibo Yuan,
  • Na Tang

摘要

Microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals like lead (Pb) are pervasive pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, yet their combined effects on aquatic plants remain poorly understood. To address this gap, Hydrocotyle vulgaris was exposed to single lead nitrate (Pb (NO₃) ₂) (0-3.5 mg/L) and in combinations with polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) powder (3 μm) (0-200 mg/L) for seven days. We evaluated the weight growth rate (WGR), photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, soluble sugar and protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lead bioaccumulation. Results revealed a hormetic response to Pb, with low concentrations (≤ 2.5 mg/L) enhancing growth, while higher doses (> 3 mg/L) caused toxicity, including leaf deformation, chlorosis and WGR reduction. Pb accumulation increased dose-dependently, peaking at 3.5 mg/L in both single and combined treatments. MPs exhibited a concentration-dependent modulation of Pb toxicity, exacerbating effects at 50 mg/L but slightly alleviating them at 200 mg/L. These findings demonstrate the complex interaction between MPs and Pb in influencing metal bioavailability and plant stress responses. It provides critical insights into the ecotoxicological risks of co-occurring pollutants in wetlands and highlights implications for invasive species management under anthropogenic pollution.

Graphical Abstract