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<p>Heavy metals present in atmospheric particles are being emitted from various sources, particularly anthropogenic activities and considered a risk to both humans and the environment. The objective of this research was to examine the variations in concentration, source apportionment as well as health risk of heavy metals associated with PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the most polluted city, Lucknow, India, during 2019 and 2020. The decline in levels of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> were found 42% and 43%, respectively, in 2020 compared to 2019. The outcomes of the PMF model showed that the leading sources of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> were the vehicular sector (60% and 52%) in 2019 and the soil/crustal sector (54% and 53%) in 2020. The possible reasons were open activities in 2019 and restricted anthropogenic activities in 2020 due to the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of toxic metals (As, Hg, Al, Cr, Fe, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co and Mn) associated with PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> were computed for adults and children, viz., ingestion, inhalation and dermal. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values of each toxic metal for children and adults were found within the permissible limits (&lt; 1) for both years, except for HQing and HI values of Aluminum. The carcinogenic risk of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> was estimated for As, Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd. The cancer risk of both particles was found below the tolerable limit for both adults and children for all routes during both years, except for Pb for children. However, lifetime cancer risk for children and adults was found to be higher for PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> during both years, which indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. This study will play a significant role in advancing environmental health science to enable targeted interventions to mitigate exposure and reduce public health burdens. Furthermore, source apportionment results will help in evidence-based policy making for air quality management, sustainable urban planning and regulatory compliance, ultimately contributing to global efforts to combat climate change and environmental degradation.</p>

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Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Associated with Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Their Source Apportionment Modelling Using PMF

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Suresh Kumar,
  • Shiv Kumar Dwivedi

摘要

Heavy metals present in atmospheric particles are being emitted from various sources, particularly anthropogenic activities and considered a risk to both humans and the environment. The objective of this research was to examine the variations in concentration, source apportionment as well as health risk of heavy metals associated with PM10 and PM2.5 in the most polluted city, Lucknow, India, during 2019 and 2020. The decline in levels of PM10 and PM2.5 were found 42% and 43%, respectively, in 2020 compared to 2019. The outcomes of the PMF model showed that the leading sources of PM10 and PM2.5 were the vehicular sector (60% and 52%) in 2019 and the soil/crustal sector (54% and 53%) in 2020. The possible reasons were open activities in 2019 and restricted anthropogenic activities in 2020 due to the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of toxic metals (As, Hg, Al, Cr, Fe, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co and Mn) associated with PM10 and PM2.5 were computed for adults and children, viz., ingestion, inhalation and dermal. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values of each toxic metal for children and adults were found within the permissible limits (< 1) for both years, except for HQing and HI values of Aluminum. The carcinogenic risk of PM10 and PM2.5 was estimated for As, Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd. The cancer risk of both particles was found below the tolerable limit for both adults and children for all routes during both years, except for Pb for children. However, lifetime cancer risk for children and adults was found to be higher for PM10 and PM2.5 during both years, which indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. This study will play a significant role in advancing environmental health science to enable targeted interventions to mitigate exposure and reduce public health burdens. Furthermore, source apportionment results will help in evidence-based policy making for air quality management, sustainable urban planning and regulatory compliance, ultimately contributing to global efforts to combat climate change and environmental degradation.