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<p>Soil on both sides of highways is highly susceptible to contamination from traffic emissions, industrial activities, and other anthropogenic factors, leading to a gradual accumulation of heavy metals. This study analyzed total concentrations and soluble components of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb), along with soil physicochemical properties, in lotus fields adjacent to an expressway in northern Bengbu, China. Both Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to assess variable associations. In addition, Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were employed to elucidate synergistic regula­tion between heavy metal speciation and soil properties. The bioavailability coefficient, risk assessment code, and transfer coefficient were used to evaluate heavy-metal bioavailability and soil–plant migration. Results showed that the residual fractions of Zn, Cd, and Cr were positively correlated with their total concentrations, whereas the acid-soluble fractions showed no such correlation. Lotus seeds demonstrated the strongest transport for Zn and Cd, roots for Pb, and stems for Cr. PCA revealed that spatial differences and crop-specific migration patterns were associated with distinct environmental control structures under varying traffic pollution intensities. In high-pollution plots, Pb/Zn activity was primarily associated with electrical conductivity, whereas in low-pollution plots, both pH and electrical conductivity showed strong associations with metal distribution patterns. Unique mechanisms included the reverse effects of heavy metal input on conductivity and the insignificant regulation of soil moisture in humid habitats. Cadmium exhibited high acid-soluble proportions, strong bioavailability, and elevated plant mobility across both regions, posing the primary ecological risk. This study advances pollution assessment from bivariate correlations to multivariable mechanistic analysis, providing a systematic scientific basis for regional ecological risk prevention and agricultural product safety.</p>

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Bioavailability, Migration, and Accumulation Characteristics of Heavy Metals in the Soil–Lotus Root System Adjacent to Highways

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Qiang Hu,
  • Rong-hua Qiu,
  • Ren-chao Zhu,
  • Manisha Parajuli,
  • Si-jie Wen,
  • Zi-yang Sun,
  • Ai-hua Yu

摘要

Soil on both sides of highways is highly susceptible to contamination from traffic emissions, industrial activities, and other anthropogenic factors, leading to a gradual accumulation of heavy metals. This study analyzed total concentrations and soluble components of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb), along with soil physicochemical properties, in lotus fields adjacent to an expressway in northern Bengbu, China. Both Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to assess variable associations. In addition, Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were employed to elucidate synergistic regula­tion between heavy metal speciation and soil properties. The bioavailability coefficient, risk assessment code, and transfer coefficient were used to evaluate heavy-metal bioavailability and soil–plant migration. Results showed that the residual fractions of Zn, Cd, and Cr were positively correlated with their total concentrations, whereas the acid-soluble fractions showed no such correlation. Lotus seeds demonstrated the strongest transport for Zn and Cd, roots for Pb, and stems for Cr. PCA revealed that spatial differences and crop-specific migration patterns were associated with distinct environmental control structures under varying traffic pollution intensities. In high-pollution plots, Pb/Zn activity was primarily associated with electrical conductivity, whereas in low-pollution plots, both pH and electrical conductivity showed strong associations with metal distribution patterns. Unique mechanisms included the reverse effects of heavy metal input on conductivity and the insignificant regulation of soil moisture in humid habitats. Cadmium exhibited high acid-soluble proportions, strong bioavailability, and elevated plant mobility across both regions, posing the primary ecological risk. This study advances pollution assessment from bivariate correlations to multivariable mechanistic analysis, providing a systematic scientific basis for regional ecological risk prevention and agricultural product safety.