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<p>The present study investigated the methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solutions using biochar produced from raw coconut shell and subsequent chemically modified biochar. Sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide are the two chemicals used for the activation of the raw biochar. The batch experiments were conducted by varying the operating conditions, namely pH, biochar dose, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and rotating speed. To understand the surface morphology, functional groups, crystalline nature and elemental composition of the biochar, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis<i> (</i>EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) analysis were used. The adsorption mechanism and rate of adsorption were investigated through adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies. The maximum removal efficiency of 98% was obtained at an operating condition of pH of 2, biochar dosage of 2&#xa0;g/L, temperature of 30&#xa0;°C, initial dye concentration of 5&#xa0;mg/L, contact time of 360&#xa0;min and rotating speed of 150&#xa0;rpm. The result concluded that the chemically modified biochar using sodium hydroxide significantly improved the removal efficiency. The study also includes a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), revealing that electricity consumption is the dominant contributor to the carbon footprint of biochar production and activation. The LCA results also reveal important sustainability trade-offs, showing that while chemical modification of coconut shell biochar enhances adsorption performance for methylene blue removal, it also increases environmental impacts compared to raw biochar, thus necessitating a balance between treatment efficiency and ecological footprint in biochar application.</p>

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Adsorption Performance and Life Cycle Assessment of Raw and Chemically Modified Coconut Shell Biochar for Methylene Blue Removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Gokulan Ravindiran,
  • Yamala Midhun Sai,
  • Datla Lakshmi Trishitha,
  • Varshita Kamepalli,
  • Kulchari Rohith,
  • J. Saravanan,
  • K. Karthick,
  • P. V. S. Gopi Raghunadh,
  • Wael S. Al-Rashed,
  • Gasim Hayder

摘要

The present study investigated the methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solutions using biochar produced from raw coconut shell and subsequent chemically modified biochar. Sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide are the two chemicals used for the activation of the raw biochar. The batch experiments were conducted by varying the operating conditions, namely pH, biochar dose, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and rotating speed. To understand the surface morphology, functional groups, crystalline nature and elemental composition of the biochar, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) analysis were used. The adsorption mechanism and rate of adsorption were investigated through adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies. The maximum removal efficiency of 98% was obtained at an operating condition of pH of 2, biochar dosage of 2 g/L, temperature of 30 °C, initial dye concentration of 5 mg/L, contact time of 360 min and rotating speed of 150 rpm. The result concluded that the chemically modified biochar using sodium hydroxide significantly improved the removal efficiency. The study also includes a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), revealing that electricity consumption is the dominant contributor to the carbon footprint of biochar production and activation. The LCA results also reveal important sustainability trade-offs, showing that while chemical modification of coconut shell biochar enhances adsorption performance for methylene blue removal, it also increases environmental impacts compared to raw biochar, thus necessitating a balance between treatment efficiency and ecological footprint in biochar application.