Lignocellulosic Biosorbents from Vitis vinifera Agro-Waste for Cd(II) Removal: Isotherm and Kinetic Modelling in an LCA Framework
摘要
Vine shoots and grape stalks achieve 99.94% and 96.95% Cd(II) removal, respectively. Exhausted grape pomace reaches up to 79.29% removal, with lower costs and energy. Langmuir isotherm shows max adsorption: 77.52 mg/g for grape stalks. Adsorption kinetics follow pseudo-second order, indicating chemisorption. LCA shows grape stalks as the most sustainable, minimizing environmental impact.