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<p>The use of indigenous heavy-metal-resistant bacteria has emerged as a promising approach to address the increasing contamination of hospital wastewater. Due to the high toxicity of hospital wastewater, which can inhibit microbial activity, the identification of resistant bacteria and optimization of their growth conditions are imperative. Therefore, this study proposes an effective and sustainable approach to address critical hospital wastewater challenges in Iraq. Bacteria resistant to Cr, Cd, and Pb were isolated, identified, and evaluated under different operational parameters. <i>Aeromonas sobria</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, and <i>Enterococcus columbae</i> were characterized. The initial assessment revealed the highest tolerance of <i>A. sobria</i> for Cr and Cd removal (&gt; 98%) and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> for Pb removal (&gt; 99%). Optimal conditions were identified as a pH of 5, heavy metal (HM) concentration of 5&#xa0;mg/L, temperature of 35&#xa0;°C, 3% inoculum size, and a contact time of 10&#xa0;h. Both monoculture and co-culture systems achieved simultaneous removal of all HM (&gt; 98.99%), demonstrating the strong uptake capacity of the isolated bacteria. A bacterial consortium enhanced Pb removal during the early stages (86.97% at 5&#xa0;h) and achieved near-complete removal of all HM (99.9%) from real hospital wastewater within 6&#xa0;h. The findings underscore the potential of resistant bacteria as a cost-effective and sustainable approach for reducing the environmental risks associated with hospital wastewater.</p>

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Harnessing Indigenous Bacteria for Sustainable Heavy Metal Removal from Hospital Wastewater: Optimization and Performance Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • Hasanain Nahi Murad Khazaali,
  • Nader Bahramifar,
  • Hajar Abyar,
  • Habibollah Younesi

摘要

The use of indigenous heavy-metal-resistant bacteria has emerged as a promising approach to address the increasing contamination of hospital wastewater. Due to the high toxicity of hospital wastewater, which can inhibit microbial activity, the identification of resistant bacteria and optimization of their growth conditions are imperative. Therefore, this study proposes an effective and sustainable approach to address critical hospital wastewater challenges in Iraq. Bacteria resistant to Cr, Cd, and Pb were isolated, identified, and evaluated under different operational parameters. Aeromonas sobria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus columbae were characterized. The initial assessment revealed the highest tolerance of A. sobria for Cr and Cd removal (> 98%) and K. pneumoniae for Pb removal (> 99%). Optimal conditions were identified as a pH of 5, heavy metal (HM) concentration of 5 mg/L, temperature of 35 °C, 3% inoculum size, and a contact time of 10 h. Both monoculture and co-culture systems achieved simultaneous removal of all HM (> 98.99%), demonstrating the strong uptake capacity of the isolated bacteria. A bacterial consortium enhanced Pb removal during the early stages (86.97% at 5 h) and achieved near-complete removal of all HM (99.9%) from real hospital wastewater within 6 h. The findings underscore the potential of resistant bacteria as a cost-effective and sustainable approach for reducing the environmental risks associated with hospital wastewater.