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<p>Potential Toxic Elements (PTEs) concentrations in the river are rising due to industrial and societal development, threatening the aquatic ecology and humanity. This research examines the quantification and fractionation of PTEs in the sediments of the Punpun River. During the pre-monsoon, the concentration of PTEs in the sediments ranks as Mn &gt; Cr&gt; Cu &gt; Ni&gt; Co &gt; Zn&gt; Pb, while in the post-monsoon, the order is Mn &gt; Cr&gt; Cu &gt; Co&gt; Ni &gt; Zn&gt; Pb. The sediment metal concentration was assessed using the Numeric Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). In both seasons, all sediment samples have Zn and Pb below the threshold effect levels, showing no negative effects. The Enrichment Factor (EF) values for Pb, Ni, and Zn indicate negligible enrichment; however, other metals such as Cu, Cr, and Co exhibit slight enrichment in both seasons. The Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) indicates that the sediment ranges from unpolluted to moderately polluted concerning certain trace elements. The Contamination Factor and Potential Ecological Risk Index showed lower river contamination and aquatic organism risk. The Toxic Risk Index (TRI) shows minimal aquatic habitat toxicity. Metal speciation investigations revealed that Mn, Co, Cu, and Ni were highly leachable in the water column, presenting a risk and potentially fatal impacts on aquatic organisms due to their significant mobility and bioaccumulation potential. PCA, HCA, and correlation analysis indicated natural and anthropogenic PTEs sources in river sediment. Municipal sewage discharges and waste dumping are the main causes of metal pollution in Punpun River sediments. These findings may help to develop river management techniques to reduce PTEs contamination and river environmental damage.</p>

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Potential Toxic Elements Pollution, Fractionation, and Associated Ecological Risks in Sediments of the Punpun River: A Tributary of the River Ganga, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Rashmi Ranjan,
  • Avinash Dass,
  • Alok Kumar,
  • Rajesh Kumar Ranjan

摘要

Potential Toxic Elements (PTEs) concentrations in the river are rising due to industrial and societal development, threatening the aquatic ecology and humanity. This research examines the quantification and fractionation of PTEs in the sediments of the Punpun River. During the pre-monsoon, the concentration of PTEs in the sediments ranks as Mn > Cr> Cu > Ni> Co > Zn> Pb, while in the post-monsoon, the order is Mn > Cr> Cu > Co> Ni > Zn> Pb. The sediment metal concentration was assessed using the Numeric Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). In both seasons, all sediment samples have Zn and Pb below the threshold effect levels, showing no negative effects. The Enrichment Factor (EF) values for Pb, Ni, and Zn indicate negligible enrichment; however, other metals such as Cu, Cr, and Co exhibit slight enrichment in both seasons. The Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) indicates that the sediment ranges from unpolluted to moderately polluted concerning certain trace elements. The Contamination Factor and Potential Ecological Risk Index showed lower river contamination and aquatic organism risk. The Toxic Risk Index (TRI) shows minimal aquatic habitat toxicity. Metal speciation investigations revealed that Mn, Co, Cu, and Ni were highly leachable in the water column, presenting a risk and potentially fatal impacts on aquatic organisms due to their significant mobility and bioaccumulation potential. PCA, HCA, and correlation analysis indicated natural and anthropogenic PTEs sources in river sediment. Municipal sewage discharges and waste dumping are the main causes of metal pollution in Punpun River sediments. These findings may help to develop river management techniques to reduce PTEs contamination and river environmental damage.