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<p>Noise pollution is increasingly recognized as a critical environmental threat, with substantial risks to public health and the quality of urban environments worldwide. This cross-sectional study evaluates noise levels, annoyance and associated health risks across residential, silent, commercial and industrial zones in Srinagar, India. Field measurements at multiple sites quantified key noise metrics, including L10, L50, L90, equivalent continuous noise level, noise climate, traffic noise index and noise pollution level. Survey data from structured questionnaires assessed public responses to noise exposure. Results indicate that residential areas experienced the highest noise levels, with commercial, industrial and silent zones also exceeding national and international safe noise limits. Dose–response modeling estimated that 31.6% of individuals reported high noise annoyance, while 12.5% suffered from substantial sleep disturbances. Multivariate logistic regression identified age, residence type, sleep quality and nighttime noise sensitivity as significant predictors of annoyance and sleep disruption. Residents near major roads had a threefold higher likelihood of noise-induced annoyance (OR = 3.11; 95% CI = 1.81–5.31) compared to those living further away. Structural equation modeling highlighted noise annoyance as a mediator linking exposure to self-reported health conditions, including hypertension, dizziness, headaches and reduced work efficiency. These findings emphasize the urgent need for noise mitigation strategies in urban planning and policymaking to protect public health in rapidly urbanizing environments.</p>

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Assessing the Urban Acoustic Environment and Public Health Impacts Using Multivariate and Structural Equation Models

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Muzafar Zaman,
  • Tabasum Qadir,
  • Mohammad Muslim,
  • Arshid Jehangir

摘要

Noise pollution is increasingly recognized as a critical environmental threat, with substantial risks to public health and the quality of urban environments worldwide. This cross-sectional study evaluates noise levels, annoyance and associated health risks across residential, silent, commercial and industrial zones in Srinagar, India. Field measurements at multiple sites quantified key noise metrics, including L10, L50, L90, equivalent continuous noise level, noise climate, traffic noise index and noise pollution level. Survey data from structured questionnaires assessed public responses to noise exposure. Results indicate that residential areas experienced the highest noise levels, with commercial, industrial and silent zones also exceeding national and international safe noise limits. Dose–response modeling estimated that 31.6% of individuals reported high noise annoyance, while 12.5% suffered from substantial sleep disturbances. Multivariate logistic regression identified age, residence type, sleep quality and nighttime noise sensitivity as significant predictors of annoyance and sleep disruption. Residents near major roads had a threefold higher likelihood of noise-induced annoyance (OR = 3.11; 95% CI = 1.81–5.31) compared to those living further away. Structural equation modeling highlighted noise annoyance as a mediator linking exposure to self-reported health conditions, including hypertension, dizziness, headaches and reduced work efficiency. These findings emphasize the urgent need for noise mitigation strategies in urban planning and policymaking to protect public health in rapidly urbanizing environments.