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<p>This study investigates the effect of temperature and catalyst-to-polymer ratio on the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and mixed waste using rutile as a catalyst. Four local minerals; rutile, ilmenite, feldspar, and zircon, were tested for their catalytic properties. Among these, rutile demonstrated the highest liquid product yield, thereby justifying its selection for detailed investigation in subsequent analyses. The thermal pyrolysis process required 356.7 ± 4.7 ℃ and 145.0 ± 4.1&#xa0;min while increasing the catalyst-to-polymer ratio reduced both temperatures (312.5 ± 5.5 ℃ − 285.0 ± 4.1 ℃) and time (142.5 ± 2.5–100 ± 8.2&#xa0;min), demonstrating the efficiency of catalytic pyrolysis. The optimal catalyst-to-polymer ratio of 1:5 achieved the highest liquid yield of 85.43 ± 3.28 wt%, reducing wax formation. The mixed waste sample showed a similar trend with a liquid yield of 79.09 ± 3.31 wt%. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the rutile catalyst revealed high surface roughness and dispersion, promoting catalytic activity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of Ti⁴⁺ and Ti³⁺, which are active sites for polymer cracking. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified key hydrocarbons, and the liquid oil that was produced demonstrated a calorific value comparable to commercial fuels. This study highlights the importance of catalyst optimization for enhancing pyrolysis efficiency.</p>

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Valorization of Waste LDPE into Liquid Oil via Catalytic Conversion Using Locally Sourced Rutile: Characterization and Systematic Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Panakaduwa Gamage Imesha Uthpalani,
  • Deeyagahage Sujeewa Mallika De Silva,
  • Vithanage Primali Anuruddhika Weerasinghe,
  • Jagath Kumara Premachandra

摘要

This study investigates the effect of temperature and catalyst-to-polymer ratio on the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and mixed waste using rutile as a catalyst. Four local minerals; rutile, ilmenite, feldspar, and zircon, were tested for their catalytic properties. Among these, rutile demonstrated the highest liquid product yield, thereby justifying its selection for detailed investigation in subsequent analyses. The thermal pyrolysis process required 356.7 ± 4.7 ℃ and 145.0 ± 4.1 min while increasing the catalyst-to-polymer ratio reduced both temperatures (312.5 ± 5.5 ℃ − 285.0 ± 4.1 ℃) and time (142.5 ± 2.5–100 ± 8.2 min), demonstrating the efficiency of catalytic pyrolysis. The optimal catalyst-to-polymer ratio of 1:5 achieved the highest liquid yield of 85.43 ± 3.28 wt%, reducing wax formation. The mixed waste sample showed a similar trend with a liquid yield of 79.09 ± 3.31 wt%. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the rutile catalyst revealed high surface roughness and dispersion, promoting catalytic activity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of Ti⁴⁺ and Ti³⁺, which are active sites for polymer cracking. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified key hydrocarbons, and the liquid oil that was produced demonstrated a calorific value comparable to commercial fuels. This study highlights the importance of catalyst optimization for enhancing pyrolysis efficiency.