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<p>Marble, a stone of great cultural and architectural significance, is highly vulnerable to environmental deterioration especially from acid rain. This exposure accelerates surface roughening, material loss, and structural weakening. In this study, marble specimens were artificially exposed to four different concentrations of sulfuric and nitric acid solutions (Test 1–Test 4), to stimulate the effect of acid rain. Then these specimens were treated with <i>Bacillus paramycoides</i> to precipitate carbonates through microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) as a bio-restoration strategy. The weight loss of the marble specimens due to acid treatment was observed between 2.7 and 4.4% because of granular disintegration. Following MICCP treatment, the specimens exhibited a weight regain ranging from 1.6 to 2.2% (against 2.7–4.4% initial weight loss) due to calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3)</sub> precipitation on the marble surface. The efficiency of CaCO<sub>3</sub> deposition was monitored by sonication and surface roughness using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM analysis confirmed a reduction in surface roughness, and microscopic analysis showed a restored aesthetic appearance for the marble samples. Precipitation of carbonate crystals on the surface was verified using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM-EDS). This integrative evaluation establishes MICCP as an innovative and eco-friendly bioconsolidation strategy for protecting marble against acid-induced damage, offering significant potential for long-term conservation of cultural stone heritages.</p>

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Bioremediation of Acid-Damaged Marble Stone Surfaces by Calcifying Bacteria Bacillus paramycoides Through Biomineralization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Navneet Sidhu,
  • Shweta Goyal,
  • M. Sudhakara Reddy

摘要

Marble, a stone of great cultural and architectural significance, is highly vulnerable to environmental deterioration especially from acid rain. This exposure accelerates surface roughening, material loss, and structural weakening. In this study, marble specimens were artificially exposed to four different concentrations of sulfuric and nitric acid solutions (Test 1–Test 4), to stimulate the effect of acid rain. Then these specimens were treated with Bacillus paramycoides to precipitate carbonates through microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) as a bio-restoration strategy. The weight loss of the marble specimens due to acid treatment was observed between 2.7 and 4.4% because of granular disintegration. Following MICCP treatment, the specimens exhibited a weight regain ranging from 1.6 to 2.2% (against 2.7–4.4% initial weight loss) due to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation on the marble surface. The efficiency of CaCO3 deposition was monitored by sonication and surface roughness using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM analysis confirmed a reduction in surface roughness, and microscopic analysis showed a restored aesthetic appearance for the marble samples. Precipitation of carbonate crystals on the surface was verified using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM-EDS). This integrative evaluation establishes MICCP as an innovative and eco-friendly bioconsolidation strategy for protecting marble against acid-induced damage, offering significant potential for long-term conservation of cultural stone heritages.