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<p>This study examines the impact of female political participation on environmental degradation in European Union (EU) member states from 2013 to 2023. Drawing on feminist ecological economics, environmental justice, and inclusive governance theory, the analysis assesses whether greater gender representation in political institutions is associated with reduced CO₂ and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using panel data for 26 EU countries and applying robust econometric techniques—including fixed effects with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors, quantile regression, and instrumental variable methods—the study finds that higher female political representation significantly reduces per capita emissions, with stronger effects in high-emission contexts. Mediation analysis further reveals that women’s participation enhances clean household energy use and strengthens governance, though government effectiveness alone shows a positive link with emissions, reflecting economic expansion. To complement these econometric results, a Random Forest a supervised machine learning analysis is conducted, confirming the importance of female political participation alongside GDP per capita, urbanization, and energy consumption as key predictors of emissions. By providing EU-wide empirical evidence on the gender–environment nexus, the study highlights the transformative potential of inclusive institutions for achieving the goals of the European Green Deal and underscores the importance of integrating gender equality into climate policies.</p>

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Exploring the Influence of Female Political Participation on CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Insights from the European Union

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Matheus Koengkan,
  • Irina Georgescu,
  • Anna Auza,
  • Şükrü Apaydın,
  • Gizem Uzuner

摘要

This study examines the impact of female political participation on environmental degradation in European Union (EU) member states from 2013 to 2023. Drawing on feminist ecological economics, environmental justice, and inclusive governance theory, the analysis assesses whether greater gender representation in political institutions is associated with reduced CO₂ and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using panel data for 26 EU countries and applying robust econometric techniques—including fixed effects with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors, quantile regression, and instrumental variable methods—the study finds that higher female political representation significantly reduces per capita emissions, with stronger effects in high-emission contexts. Mediation analysis further reveals that women’s participation enhances clean household energy use and strengthens governance, though government effectiveness alone shows a positive link with emissions, reflecting economic expansion. To complement these econometric results, a Random Forest a supervised machine learning analysis is conducted, confirming the importance of female political participation alongside GDP per capita, urbanization, and energy consumption as key predictors of emissions. By providing EU-wide empirical evidence on the gender–environment nexus, the study highlights the transformative potential of inclusive institutions for achieving the goals of the European Green Deal and underscores the importance of integrating gender equality into climate policies.