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<p>The present study demonstrates the use of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, prepared using Vitis vinifera leaves, for the remediation of industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metal ions such as chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb). The as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a brown coloration and were found to contain a mixed phase comprising unreacted zinc acetate and a partially formed ZnO phase, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. This observation necessitated annealing at elevated temperatures of 450&#xa0;°C and 600&#xa0;°C to achieve complete phase transformation to crystalline ZnO. Morphological characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that the nanoparticles annealed at 450&#xa0;°C displayed irregular, agglomerated structures. In contrast, annealing at 600&#xa0;°C resulted in well-defined, spherical nanoparticles with minimal agglomeration. The average particle sizes were 37.83&#xa0;nm and 49.74&#xa0;nm for 450℃ and 600℃ annealed samples, respectively. Adsorption studies showed high removal efficiencies, with 450℃ annealed ZnO nanoparticles achieving 99.99% for “Cr” and 95.33% for “Pb” removal, while the 600℃ annealed samples exhibited 78.09% “Cr” and 87.91% “Pb” removal efficiencies. Adsorption analysis using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models indicated a heterogeneous adsorption mechanism, with varied energy at the adsorption sites. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized ZnO nanoadsorbents to be used as effective and sustainable nano-adsorbent materials for purifying wastewater from highly toxic heavy metals commonly found in effluents from chemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Facilitated by Vitis Vinifera Leaf Extract for the Effective Removal of Hazardous Lead and Chromium Ions from Industrial Wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月9日

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  • Kanika Mahajan,
  • Ishan Choudhary

摘要

The present study demonstrates the use of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, prepared using Vitis vinifera leaves, for the remediation of industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metal ions such as chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb). The as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a brown coloration and were found to contain a mixed phase comprising unreacted zinc acetate and a partially formed ZnO phase, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. This observation necessitated annealing at elevated temperatures of 450 °C and 600 °C to achieve complete phase transformation to crystalline ZnO. Morphological characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that the nanoparticles annealed at 450 °C displayed irregular, agglomerated structures. In contrast, annealing at 600 °C resulted in well-defined, spherical nanoparticles with minimal agglomeration. The average particle sizes were 37.83 nm and 49.74 nm for 450℃ and 600℃ annealed samples, respectively. Adsorption studies showed high removal efficiencies, with 450℃ annealed ZnO nanoparticles achieving 99.99% for “Cr” and 95.33% for “Pb” removal, while the 600℃ annealed samples exhibited 78.09% “Cr” and 87.91% “Pb” removal efficiencies. Adsorption analysis using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models indicated a heterogeneous adsorption mechanism, with varied energy at the adsorption sites. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized ZnO nanoadsorbents to be used as effective and sustainable nano-adsorbent materials for purifying wastewater from highly toxic heavy metals commonly found in effluents from chemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries.

Graphical Abstract