<p>In recent years, the contradiction between the improvement of urban vitality and the increase in carbon emissions has become increasingly prominent, and this has become a key topic affecting the sustainable development of cities. In this study, from the perspective of urban vitality and urban carbon emissions, we calculate the carbon emissions in the main urban area of Chengdu based on land use type and energy data and then measure the multidimensional urban vitality using the Entropy-TOPSIS method. Additionally, we explore the spatial distribution characteristics of urban vitality and carbon emissions based on the bivariate local spatial autocorrelation analysis. Finally, Geodetector is used to analyze the correlation between the constructs of urban vitality and carbon emissions in depth. The study results show that (1) the spatial distribution pattern of carbon emissions and comprehensive social and economic vitality in Chengdu is decreasing from the city center to the outside. (2) Carbon emissions are positively correlated with social and economic vitality and negatively correlated with environmental vitality. (3) The strongest correlation between nighttime light intensity and carbon emissions is found in economic vitality. The interaction between nighttime light intensity and NDVI was the most significant. In this study, Entropy-TOPSIS based on grid scale is introduced to enhance the fine-scale analysis and quantitative assessment of multidimensional vitality. This study provides policy recommendations based on spatial distribution relationships, aiming to provide more insights into an under-explored cross-cutting area of urban sustainable development research for reference “center-type” cities similar to Chengdu.</p>