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<p>This study investigates the spatial distribution, associated risks, and potential sources of metal elements in urban road dust across functionally distinct land-use zones in Da Nang City, Central Vietnam. A total of 56 samples were collected with finer spatial resolution (2.5&#xa0;km²/sample) across industrial (<i>IND</i>), sub-industrial (<i>S.IN</i>), residential (<i>RES</i>), and background (<i>BG</i>) zones. Contamination indices (<i>Igeo</i>,<i> EF</i>,<i> PLI</i>) reveal a clear spatial gradient (<i>BG &lt; RES &lt; S.IN &lt; IND</i>), with <i>Zn</i> and <i>Cd</i> emerging as dominant pollutants in the <i>IND</i> zone. Ecological risk assessment identified <i>Cd</i> as the principal contributor to environmental hazards, particularly in areas where agriculture and aquaculture intersect. Health risk evaluation showed children as the most vulnerable population group, with non-carcinogenic (<i>HI &gt; 1</i>) and carcinogenic risks (<i>TCR &gt; 10⁻⁴</i>) in specific hotspots driven by <i>Cr</i> and <i>As</i> exposure. Multivariate analyses suggest that <i>Zn</i>,<i> Cd</i>,<i> Pb</i>, and <i>As</i> primarily originate from industrial activities, while <i>Cr</i> and <i>Mn</i> reflect mixed industrial, traffic-related, and natural sources. These findings emphasize the need for finer-scale monitoring and targeted interventions to mitigate exposure risks, particularly in transitional sub-industrial zones. The study contributes critical insights for urban pollution management and environmental health policy in rapidly developing cities.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Assessment of Road Dust Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk in Urban-Industrial Transition Zones: Implications on Environmental Management for Emerging Cities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月6日

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  • Quoc Ba Tran,
  • Ly Sy Phu Nguyen,
  • Nguyen Xuan Cuong,
  • Tinh H. T. Nguyen,
  • Tran Xuan Vu,
  • Le Quoc Hau,
  • Nguyen Duy Dat

摘要

This study investigates the spatial distribution, associated risks, and potential sources of metal elements in urban road dust across functionally distinct land-use zones in Da Nang City, Central Vietnam. A total of 56 samples were collected with finer spatial resolution (2.5 km²/sample) across industrial (IND), sub-industrial (S.IN), residential (RES), and background (BG) zones. Contamination indices (Igeo, EF, PLI) reveal a clear spatial gradient (BG < RES < S.IN < IND), with Zn and Cd emerging as dominant pollutants in the IND zone. Ecological risk assessment identified Cd as the principal contributor to environmental hazards, particularly in areas where agriculture and aquaculture intersect. Health risk evaluation showed children as the most vulnerable population group, with non-carcinogenic (HI > 1) and carcinogenic risks (TCR > 10⁻⁴) in specific hotspots driven by Cr and As exposure. Multivariate analyses suggest that Zn, Cd, Pb, and As primarily originate from industrial activities, while Cr and Mn reflect mixed industrial, traffic-related, and natural sources. These findings emphasize the need for finer-scale monitoring and targeted interventions to mitigate exposure risks, particularly in transitional sub-industrial zones. The study contributes critical insights for urban pollution management and environmental health policy in rapidly developing cities.

Graphical abstract