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<p>Excessive use of nitrogenous (N) fertilizers for intensified cropping has negative environmental impacts, including the emissions of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), as well as nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) leaching, however, enhanced efficiency nitrogenous fertilizers (EENFs) could be an innovative and most effective option for minimizing N losses. This study evaluated the effects of various commercially available EENFs on N losses in a rice–wheat cropping system under both saturated and aerated conditions in various incubation and lysimeter experiments. The incubation study revealed that EENFs significantly reduced NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions with coated urea products like neem-coated urea, nutraful urea, biomaterials-coated urea, and zabardast urea, compared to standard uncoated urea at both 65% and 100% water-holding capacity. In lysimeter experiments, neem-coated urea and nutraful urea achieved the highest reductions in NH<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> leaching in both rice and wheat crops. Moreover, neem-coated urea increased partial N factor productivity and partial N balance in rice (10.04%, 20.12%) and wheat (7.92%, 21.61%), respectively. The integrated use of neem-coated urea and biochar was found to be the best, as it reduced the emissions of NH<sub>3</sub>&#xa0;(26.16% and 28.57%) and N<sub>2</sub>O (24.28% and 28.04%), as well as the leaching of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (23.53% and 14.55%) under rice and wheat crops, respectively. As countries are committed to halving N waste by 2030 under the UN Colombo Declaration, neem-coated urea coupled with biochar is the best option among the investigated EENFs for minimizing N losses and enhancing N use efficiency.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogenous Fertilizers Coupled with Organic Amendments: A Sustainable Approach to Mitigating Nitrogen Emissions and Leaching in Rice–Wheat Cropping Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月26日

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  • Ghulam Murtaza,
  • Tajammal Hussain,
  • Munir Hussain Zia,
  • Wasim Javed

摘要

Excessive use of nitrogenous (N) fertilizers for intensified cropping has negative environmental impacts, including the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3), as well as nitrate (NO3−) leaching, however, enhanced efficiency nitrogenous fertilizers (EENFs) could be an innovative and most effective option for minimizing N losses. This study evaluated the effects of various commercially available EENFs on N losses in a rice–wheat cropping system under both saturated and aerated conditions in various incubation and lysimeter experiments. The incubation study revealed that EENFs significantly reduced NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions with coated urea products like neem-coated urea, nutraful urea, biomaterials-coated urea, and zabardast urea, compared to standard uncoated urea at both 65% and 100% water-holding capacity. In lysimeter experiments, neem-coated urea and nutraful urea achieved the highest reductions in NH3 and N2O emissions, and NO3− leaching in both rice and wheat crops. Moreover, neem-coated urea increased partial N factor productivity and partial N balance in rice (10.04%, 20.12%) and wheat (7.92%, 21.61%), respectively. The integrated use of neem-coated urea and biochar was found to be the best, as it reduced the emissions of NH3 (26.16% and 28.57%) and N2O (24.28% and 28.04%), as well as the leaching of NO3− (23.53% and 14.55%) under rice and wheat crops, respectively. As countries are committed to halving N waste by 2030 under the UN Colombo Declaration, neem-coated urea coupled with biochar is the best option among the investigated EENFs for minimizing N losses and enhancing N use efficiency.

Graphical Abstract