<p>Deep integration of digital economy and agricultural systems is essential for advancing modernization and sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. This study constructs a comprehensive index system for both the digital economy and agricultural systems, grounded in an integrated economic-social-ecological framework of agricultural development and guided by the logic of digital infrastructure expansion. Based on this system, we measured the coupling coordination index between the digital economy and agricultural systems across 31 Chinese provinces from 2007 to 2022. A Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model was further employed to investigate the key factors influencing the degree of coupling and coordination between the two systems. The results revealed a steadily increasing trend in the coupling coordination between the digital economy and agricultural systems in China. However, notable regional disparities persisted, with the eastern provinces demonstrating higher levels of coordination, while the western regions remained relatively underdeveloped. The analysis identified the lag in digital economy development as a primary constraint on coordination. Moreover, scientific and technological progress, educational advancement, optimization of industrial structure, and fiscal investment were found to significantly enhance the integration of the digital economy and agricultural systems. Overall, this study develops a systematic analytical framework that underscores the pivotal role of digital-agricultural integration in driving the modernization and sustainable transformation of agriculture and rural regions.</p>